How staff motivation can be improved by effective leadership and Essay

How staff inspiration can be improved by viable administration and the executives - Essay Example This style is otherwise called tyrant style .It is one in which includes maintenance of full authority by the pioneer. Pioneer concludes, choice is given to subordinates, directions about the execution of choices are given and the subordinates are relied upon to do what the pioneer has instructed them to do. The representatives need to comply with the bosses without accepting any clarifications. â€Å"The inspiration condition is delivered by making an organized arrangement of remunerations and punishments† (Styles of initiative, 2002). The upside of this style is that the assignments are effectively finished, since there is no open door for the tedious two route correspondences between the representatives and the directors. The absolutist styles are valuable on account of new undeveloped workers who need nitty gritty requests and directions to perform. There are a few laborers who lean towards absolutist pioneer since they have a sense of safety under their authority. In such cases profitability and spirit of the laborers will in general be high. The report examinations the different ramifications of imperious initiative under various heads. The effect of absolutist authority styles in various types of hierarchical arrangement is being broke down in this part. The despotic administration has a ton of issues related with it. The essential issue is that laborers are caused mindful of what to do however to not why. This may prompt low worker confidence and higher turn over. The totalitarian initiative style can't be utilized in certain circumstances. On account of representatives become tense and frightful, and rely more upon their managers to take choices, the creation volume is high and the time is restricted to take a choice. In such circumstances if this style of authority is utilized the workers don't have a sense of safety and they can't alter with the circumstance. They don’t get inspiration, in this way their certainty diminishes. This will build the representative turn over. This likewise makes low representative resolve in the

Opportunites to Expand the Facebook Brand Essay Example For Students

Opportunites to Expand the Facebook Brand Essay Presentation: Imprint Zuckerberg established Facebook Inc. in July 2004 for college understudies to mingle on the web. The thought was spread rapidly which made numerous clients participate in a month. Clients began expanding each month. In 2006, the site expelled cutoff points of enrollment which additionally expanded the quantity of clients to millions. The absolute piece of the pie of the organization is 157.45 billions of dollars. The organization is attempting to develop so it can turn into the web. It has a wide range of tasks and is putting resources into internet based life applications to get as much as data of individuals and attempting to keep individuals associated through various ways. Individuals use Facebook to remain in contact with family members and companions so they can see what's going on the planet they live in. They share encounters and matters about the people they give it a second thought. On the off chance that you can utilize and control Facebook’s ubiquity, at that point it will profit in succeeding your independent company. Facebook has been engaged with building items, which will furnish clients with esteem for clients, publicists, and engineers. Versatile: Facebook has its own portable application which can be downloaded and the clients can utilize the greater part of the highlights utilized on the site. The versatile application they are utilizing has a responsive plan; every portable has various goals for its screen sizes. Facebook didn't disregard that since it needs the clients to be agreeable and not whine about any issues identified with content sizes or show of the application or versatile web. Facebook additionally has a Mobile application community where it gives social applications. There are applications like Facebook emissary, which can be downloaded for visiting purposes. Another application they have is an application, which permits you to download most recent . .ponsibility of constraining the data the transfer, which is the arrangement. Facebook ought to think about our answer, which permit them to be prevailing in the online market. Works Cited Kosner, A. W. (2013, August 13). Forbes. Recovered from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/destinations/anthonykosner/2013/08/31/new-facebook-approaches sell-your-face-and-whatever-it-derives/ Luckerson, V. (2014, March 25). Facebook Buying Oculus Virtual-Reality Company for $2 Billion. Time . Oxford Dictionaries. (2014, May 22). Definition: Gamification. Recovered from Oxford Dictionaries: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gamification Strohm, R. R. (2014, March 22). Zuckerberg Says Obama Steps on NSA Spying Not Enough. Bloomberg . Your Dictionary. (2014, May 22). Induction Engine. Recovered from Your Dictionary: http://www.yourdictionary. com/induction motor

How to Avoid AdWords Mistakes that Cost You Money

How to Avoid AdWords Mistakes that Cost You Money If your business is looking into online marketing, you’ll likely come across a system called AdWords. This Google platform is an excellent way to increase your business reach online and drive more traffic to your website. But it can also cost you a fortune, if you don’t know how to use it correctly. © Shutterstock.com | Ingvar BjorkThis guide will help you understand 1) what AdWords is and 2) why your business will benefit from it. You’ll learn 3) how to avoid major adwords mistakes and use it without spending a fortune.WHAT IS ADWORDS AND WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?If you are a small business and in charge of your own marketing, chances are you’ve heard of AdWords. Google’s online advertising platform is a popular service and if you’ve never heard of it or used it, its about time that you take a look.AdWords is essentially an online advertising platform, which allows you to display ads for your business using Google platforms. The system enables its users to advertise and gain visibility on Google’s search engine, together with various other Google websites and services. In addition, it will increase your visibility on partnering search engines and websites.AdWords is based on a pay-per-click (PPC) advertising model. Thats as easy as it sounds: Every time someone clicks on your ad, Google will charge you a fee. Therefore, you don’t have to pay for advertising that doesn’t result in clicks. Instead, you pay only for advertising that has reached the customer. On the contrary, if you for example advertise in a newspaper, you will have to pay for the ad space, even if nobody visits your website or calls your number. Bummer!For various reasons, AdWords has changed the way businesses advertise online. It has become one of the key tools businesses can use to can gain more exposure online and increase their reach.WHY SHOULD YOU USE ADWORDS?If you’re still not sure whether or not AdWords could help your business, consider the following points and you may become more interested:Increase your business reach â€" the main reason why businesses use AdWords is to reach out to potential customers online. AdWords allows you to display advertisement all over the internet which significantly increases your business visibility.Measure advertisement performance â€" Starting a marketing campaign, you dont simply post your advertisement randomly in the internet. You have to measure the effectiveness of your advertisement, or you will end up paying money for nothing. Using AdWords’ simple PPC model, you will easily see how many people click your ads and continue to browse on your website to make a purchase.Find out more about your customer â€" AdWords can help you to learn more about your customers, because you will understand what kind of ads they find appealing. Once you know which ads they pay more attention to, you can use the data to improve the content on your site and tailor it to your customers needs.Venture out to other platforms AdWords displays your ads on different Google platforms. Therefore, you can further increase your business reach.Control your advertising costs â€" AdWords will only charge for the clicks, which means you only pay for the exposure you actually receive. That can be cheap, but it can also be expensive. However, the platform allows customisation, so you can run your campaign with a maximum cost per day.Moz’ research suggests that 75% of search results contain AdWords ad placements. That means your business can’t afford to lean back and watch competitors gain a competitive advantage using the platform. As the saying goes: Sometimes the only way to beat your competitors is to join them.AVOID THESE ADWORDS MISTAKES TO RUN A COST-EFFECTIVE MARKETING CAMPAIGNWhilst AdWords comes with a variety of benefits, unfortunately a number of businesses don’t always make the most out of it. Although the system can help you to cut down on advertising costs, it can leave you broke if you don’t know what you are doing.If you’re struggling to get your AdWords campaign started or if you feel your expenses are out of control, then you should consider the following tips. If you are just starting out with AdWords, these are the mistakes you should avoid, otherwise you might pay more than you should.Mist ake 1: Using inefficient keywordsFirst, you must learn how to use keywords. When it comes to online advertising and SEO, keywords play a crucial role. Unfortunately, the proper use of keywords seems to be a bit of a mystery. Consider the following tips, to improve your keyword use with AdWords.Take advantage of your USPThe keywords you use in your campaign should always reflect your companys unique selling proposition (USP). Remember, there’ll be hundreds of other companies competing for advertising space, so you need to highlight your strengths.Figure out what differentiates your business from your competition. You should ask questions such as:Why is my product or service superior to that of my competitors?What added value can my business offer to customers?Your answers to these questions will help you to run a more effective AdWords campaign. Ensure the keywords you use reflect the USP and your business strengths.Use negative keywordsAdWords states negative keywords “are a typ e of keyword that prevents your ad from being triggered by a certain word or phrase.” Using negative keywords might not sound like a good idea â€" these are the words that prevent your ad from showing up â€" but using them will save you money.As a result of using negative keywords, your ad will not be shown to people who are looking for something else, that is not a valuable match for your product or service. In essence, it stops the ‘wrong’ people clicking on your ads and costing you money.Lets say you are running an ad for guitar tutorials. You might use a keyword “guitar tutorials online”. Since your lessons come with a fee, you don’t want people who are looking for free tutorials to click on your ads. Therefore, you can run “free” as a negative keyword. This means your ad won’t show for any search using the word “free.”Dont use too many keywordsWhen businesses are starting out with AdWords, they tend to go crazy, listing tons of keywords relating to their b usiness. However, the golden rule is “less is more.”You can’t add all the keywords to your ad campaign and you need to exclude certain information. Simple ads often convey the most effective message and you should not try to cover all the bases at once.Group keywords correctlyFinally, you need to make sure to group your keywords in the correct way. A costly mistake first-timers make is to use the default grouping option: broad match. In fact, you have other ways to group your keywords and these are often a better use of your money. The keyword match options include:Broad match â€" your ad will appear when people search for any of your given keywords. For example, if you run an ad for “best ugg boots”, your ad can show for searches as wide as “ugg boots best”, “best ugg boots to buy” and “ugg boots for kids.”Phrase match â€" your ad appears only when people search for the keywords in the exact order. For instance, if you run an ad for the “best ugg boots”, t he ad will only show up when people type in “best ugg boots.” They can include other related keywords, but the keywords you used need to be in the exact order.Exact match â€" your ad will appear when people search for exactly the keywords you used. Therefore, for your “best ugg boots” ad, the ad will only pop up when people search for “best ugg boots” â€" nothing more, nothing less.Now, grouping all of your keywords with the default broad match means your ad will attract all kind of people. Since they could be looking for something totally different, they may not even want to buy anything, you might end up paying for clicks that are absolutely worthless. This doesn’t mean broad match is never useful, it just means that by default it can hurt your ads more than help them.Mistake 2: Paying for services that you dont needThe first rule of business finance is to understand where your money comes from and where it goes to. The same rule applies to AdWords and the following tips will help you understand when and what to pay for.Measure profit margins and conversion ratesFirst, you need to understand and measure your profit margins and conversion rates. You can calculate the appropriate profit margin for the ad campaign with the following formula:[(Revenue Per Click x Margin) x Clicks] â€" (Cost Per Clicks x clicks)Total CostNote that you can easily set up a conversion for inquiries and sales from the “Tools and Analysis” section at the AdWords platform.Dont pay for ad time that you don’t needAdWords campaigns are set to run on a 24/7 basis by default. However, having your ads available all around the clock might not be worth the additional cost.To understand the perfect time for your ads, you need to understand your customers. If you are targeting businesses, then running ads over the weekend might not be fruitful. On the other hand, if you are looking for customers for your Monday morning sessions, there’s not much chance of conversions Monday afternoon or Tuesdays.You can keep track of your ads performance from the “dimensions” section in the user interface. Check out when you receive the most conversions and consider limiting the visibility of your ad.Bid for the brandInstead of simply bidding for popular keywords, you should aim to bid for your brand name keywords as well. Brand bidding can improve your search engine rankings and provide more organic search results.Brand bids are typically cheaper than popular keyword bids. But at the same time, they can boost your conversion rate. A customer searching for your brand is already interested in what you have to offer. If instead of finding your business, they come across a competitor, you might lose out on an ‘easy’ sale.Don’t forget your quality scoresGoogle attaches a quality score to each ad. This score, ranging from 1 to 10, essentially tells whether the platform views your ads as high-quality or low-quality. The score is based on a number of factors. You c an find a more detailed explanation in this WordStream post.Basically, what you need to understand is the higher the quality the less you’ll be spending per click. The reason is that Google is placing low-quality ads much lower in the search results.Calculate your Lifetime Value (LTV)Finally, determine how much you want to spend on AdWords to acquire a single customer. Therefore, you have to calculate the Customer Lifetime Value. The calculation determines how much each customer spends on your products or services. Hence, you will know how much you should spend on ads per customer.For example, if your customer lifetime value is $50, you don’t want to spend $60 to attract the customer. You can read more about calculating the rate at Conversion XL.Turn off content networkFinally, the platform also uses content network advertising by default. This is a form of contextual advertising, which aims to place your ad on larger sites. But for a number of businesses, visibility on these pl atforms doesn’t result in conversion clicks, but rather in low-quality clicks. In the end, you might receive clicks, but not clicks that lead to conversion, which means you end up paying more for your advertising. Therefore, you don’t want to spend your money on it. Turn it off.Mistake 3: The content doesnt match with the adsAdWords is great when you have a real value proposition that you think will benefit your customer. On the other hand, it’s not a great tool if you only want to boost your company’s online presence. Simply put, don’t spend money on AdWords if you have nothing worth advertising. Consider the following tips:Focus on quality contentCreate quality ads with meaningful content. Hence, the keywords of your ad, together with taglines and images, should always be directly related to the product or service that your business offers.You should avoid misleading ads â€" never advertise for “free guitar lessons” if you are only offering saxophone lessons for a fe e! In addition, since you are competing against other ads, keep the USP in mind and make your ad stand out in the crowd. Copying what others are doing won’t help you catch customers’ attention.Drive customers to the proper landing pageYour ad will include a link to a location on your website, the so-called landing page, which is essentially the location where the person arrives when he/she clicks the ad or link. A typical mistake is to simply use your company’s homepage as the landing page. Remember, the customer clicks on the link in order to make a purchase or to learn more about the product, not to find himself trying to figure out where to go. Make it easy, lead the way.Lets say you are running an ad for “large family sofas.” You need to ensure the link takes the customer to a page where he can purchase large family sofas or learn more about these sofas. If the ad instead takes the customer to a furniture store homepage, they will simply close the window. Dont waste yo ur customers time, he wont appreciate it.Mistake 4: Expecting too much from AdWordsAdWords comes with a variety of benefits, so you shouldn’t expect it to quadruple your sales overnight. AdWords is just one of many advertisement channels and your business won’t be the only one using it.While AdWords is a relatively cheap way to advertise your business, it isn’t free. If you have a limited budget, you need to make sure you don’t make costly mistakes, and you need to understand the limits of your campaign. You will be competing against other companies, often for the same keywords, and large corporations will naturally have more to spend on their campaigns.AdWords won’t start creating results overnight. In fact, it can take some time to build up your AdWords profile until you start to receive the results you need. If you don’t have patience, you’re better off putting your advertising money somewhere else.Finally, use AdWords as an additional marketing tool. If you base yo ur marketing campaign solely on AdWords, you may not receive the results and exposure you want. Ensure AdWords is just part of your larger marketing effort.Mistake 5: Not testing and measuring your AdWords useFinally, you should remember to measure your performance with AdWords to ensure that your operations are cost effective. AdWords has made it easy to measure the success of your ads and you can use this information in order to calculate your return of investment (ROI).The key statistics you should be aware of include:Quality score. As mentioned earlier, the quality score determines the ad’s rank and your costs.Click through rate. The metric showcases how often people click on the ad. A high CTR (1% or higher) means the ad is relevant and people often click on it. A low CTR (anything below 1%) shows your ad isn’t attracting enough people to be worth it.Conversion rate. This metric shows the number of times people click on your ad and follow up with concrete action, for exampl e a sale or a sign-up. Your goal is a high conversion rate to ensure people aren’t simply clicking the ad for nothing.Use different keywords, ad positions and even times to test which ads lead to better results in the above categories. If a keyword is not working, i.e. resulting in conversions or clicks, you don’t want to continue wasting money on it.It is often a good idea to run two similar ad campaigns with different keywords, but for the same product. This helps you to determine which ad attracts more traffic to your site.Is AdWords the right thing for you? Review the relevant points and if you are interested, give it a try.Find out more watching the YouTube videos below:

Website Terms of Use Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2378 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Website Terms of Use Multiple factors have fueled the growth of e-commerce in the country today. The robust growth of internet penetration, rising mobile and smartphone subscriber base have contributed to changing the buying patterns, consumer preferences, shopping experience and the way companies are driving sales today. According to a study conducted by Forrester Research, shoppers in Metropolitan India are driving e-commerce today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Website Terms of Use Example For Free" essay for you Create order Some of the key services availed online today fall in the areas of travel, Books and Publications, Music, Consumer Electronics, Lifestyle Apparel. The change in the landscape has also brought in newer players in the value chain, increasing the complexity of doing business today. The nature of players competing in product segments have changed considerably. Online trading platforms, Technology providers, Banks and NBFCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are the new entrants to the value chain. However with the development of e-business, a host of legal challenges have sprung up for consumers as well as businesses operating in the e-commerce ecosystem. Website terms of use aka E-Contracts or online contracts are synonymous with the Terms and Conditions found in legal contracts drawn between the buyer and seller. The complexity of e-contracts increases with online trading platforms come into the fray. Online trading platforms are intermediaries giving an opportunity for buyers and sellers to m eet and conduct business transactions. They are enablers of trade and commercial transactions, who enter into tie-upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with technology providers, payment platforms, manufacturers/wholesalers to offer a wide variety of goods and services to consumers at the click of a key. The absence of any regulating body to protect consumers in online transactions is increasingly felt as the size of the online market place increases. The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 oversees the association between shoppers and service/goods providers in India. Redressal of consumer grievances for online transactions take place through Consumer Forums which are constituted at the District level. A special adjudicating forum has been constituted under the CPA to impose sanctions under the Act. Liability under Consumer Protection act rises only when deficiency of services, defects in goods and unfair trade practices are established clearly. But the act limits the liability to the extent of the value of the transaction or to a cap as defined by the service provider. Moreover, online platforms which offer only a platform and that too at no cost to the consumer do not attract liability under the Consumer Protection Act. Some of the common issues faced by consumers in India on account of the e-commerce model are Data Confidentiality Privacy, Security, Conditions of Use aka Terms and conditions, Grievance Handling/ Dispute Resolution, Fraud, Fees and Charges and Jurisdiction. These issues are currently governed under different statutes and Acts. Existence of a valid contract forms the crux of any transaction including an e-commerce transaction. In India, e-contracts like all other contracts are governed by the basic principles governing contracts in India, i.e. the Indian Contract Act, 1872 Click wrap, Browse wrap and Shrink Wrap contracts are some of the common form of e-contracts. The key differentiators between paper contracts and the different types of e-contracts arises from the way the terms and conditions are structured and administered for consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance. Click wrap contracts typically have the terms and conditions shown in a scroll box for the contracting party or the user to view the conditions and an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I accept the terms and conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a separate tab. A browse wrap agreement binds the contracting party or the user by merely browsing the page or the website. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Indian Contract Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) which inter alia mandate certain pre-requisites for a valid contract such as free consent and lawful consideration. What needs to be examined is how these requirements of the Indian Contract Act would be fulfilled in relation to e-contracts. In this context it is important to note that the Information Technology Act, 2000 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“IT Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) provides fortification for the validity of e-contracts. Some of the important requirements of a valid contract under the Indian Contract Act are as follows: The contract should be entered into with the free consent of the contracting parties; There should be lawful consideration for the contract The parties should be competent to contract; The object of the contract should be lawful Unless expressly prohibited under any statute, e-contracts like click-wrap agreements would be enforceable and valid if the requirements of a valid contract as per the Indian Contract Act are fulfilled. Consequently the terms and conditions which are associated with an e-commerce platform are of utmost importance in determining and ensuring that e-commerce transactions meet with the requirements of a valid contract. The IT Act, however, is not applicable in relation to negotiable instruments, power of attorneys, trust, wills contracts for sale or conveyance of immovable property Signature Requirements There is no requirement under the Indian Contract Act to have written contracts physically signed. However, specific statues do contain signature requirements. For instance the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 states that an assignment of copyright needs to be signed by the assignor. In such cases the IT Act equates electronic signature with physical signatures. An electronic signa ture is supposed to be issued by the competent authorities under the IT Act. However till the date of this paper, the Central Government has not notified any electronic signatures. Contracts with Minors The very nature of e-commerce is that is virtually impossible to check the age of anyone who is transacting online. This may pose problems and liabilities for e-commerce platforms. The position under Indian law is that a minor is not competent to enter into a contract and such a contract is not enforceable against the minor. The age of majority is 18 years in India. Stamping Requirements Every instrument under which rights are created or transferred needs to be stamped under the specific stamp duty legislations enacted by different states (provinces) in India. An instrument that is not appropriately stamped may not be admissible as evidence before a competent authority unless the requisite stamp duty and the prescribed penalty have been paid. In some instances criminal li ability is associated with intentional evasion of stamp duty. However, the manner of paying stamp duty as contemplated under the stamp laws is applicable in case of physical documents and is not feasible in cases of e-contracts. Whether Standard-form Online Contracts are Unconscionable In general there is little or no scope for negotiations to be held between e-commerce platforms and customers regarding the terms of the online contracts. The question then arises whether such standard form contracts are to be considered unconscionable and may be struck down by the courts. In India there does not seem to be well developed jurisprudence on the issue of whether standard form online agreements are unconscionable. However, Indian laws and Indian courts have dealt with instances where terms of contracts (including standard form contracts) were negotiated between parties in unequal bargaining positions. Certain provisions under the Indian Contract Act deal with the unconscionable c ontracts such as when the consideration in the contract or the object of the contract is opposed to public policy. If the consideration or object of the contract is opposed to public policy, then the contract itself cannot be valid. In case of unconscionable contracts, the courts can put a burden on the person in the dominant position to prove that the contract was not induced by undue influence. The Indian Contract Act does not define the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"public policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or what is meant by being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"opposed to public policy. However this section allows the court to hold clauses opposed to public policy as void. Section 16(3) of the Contract Act provides that where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another, enters into a contract with him, and the transaction appears, on the face of it or on evidence adduced, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in a position to dominate the will of the other. Section 23 of the Contract Act provides that the consideration or object of any agreement is unlawful when It is forbidden by law, or Is of such a nature that if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law; or Is fraudulent, or Involves or implies injury to the person or property of another, or The Court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy. In the case of LIC India v. Consumer Education Research Center 22 the Supreme Court interpreted an insurance policy issued by Life Insurance Corporation of India by bringing in certain elements of public purpose. The court declared certain term clauses in the policy, pertaining to restricting the benefit of the policy only to those people employed in the Government as void under article 14 of the Constitution. The Court noted that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In dotted line contracts there would be no occasion for a weaker party to bargain as to assume to have equal bargaining power. He has either to accept or leave the service or goods in terms of the dotted line contract. His option would be either to accept the unreasonable or unfair terms or forgo the service foreverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In the case of Lily White v R Munuswami 23 the court held that a limitation of liability clause printed on the back of a bill issued by a laundry which restricted the liability of the laundry to 50% of the ma rket price of the goods in case of loss was against public policy and therefore void. In light of the above, it is extremely important to have well thought out terms which form the online contracts and ensure that adequate opportunity is provided to the customers to familiarize themselves with the terms thereof. Online Platforms like Flipkart, Naaptol, Jabong etc are known to have very detailed and robust Conditions of use which limits their liability in transactions between consumers and service/goods providers. Their website terms of use typically covers, copy right infringement, trademarks, payment security, privacy policies at length and clearly indemnifies them from any cost, damages or liability arising out of the actions of the contracting parties. Privacy of Informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Provision of Contract terms such as guarantees/warranties, refunds, dispute settlement, hidden costs and misleading information, phishing, spamming. For an e-commerce platform , it is almost difficult to complete any online transaction without collecting some form of personal information of the users such as details about their identity and financial information. Apart from the collection of primary data from the users, e-commerce platforms may also collect a variety of other indirect information such as usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ personal choices and preferences and patterns of search. Hence, an important consideration for every e-commerce platform is to maintain the privacy of its users. Two primary concerns that a user of e-commerce platforms would have are: Unauthorized access to personal information Misuse of such personal information. Historically, the concept of privacy and data protection were not addressed in any Indian legislation. In the absence of a specific legislation, the Supreme Court of India in the cases of Kharak Singh v State of UP 27 and Peoples Union of Civil Liberties v. the Union of India 28 recognized the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“right to privacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a subset of the larger à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“right to life and personal libertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. However a right under the Constitution can be exercised only against any government action. Non-state initiated violations of privacy may be dealt with under principles of torts such as defamation, trespass and breach of confidence as applicable. The IT Act deals with the concept of violation of privacy in a limited sense; it provides that the privacy of a person is deemed to be violated where images of her private body areas are captured, published or transmitted without her consent in circumstances where she would have had a reasonable expectation of privacy 29 and prescribes a punishment of imprisonment of up to 3 years and/or fine of up to INR 2 lakhs. Data Protection India has in the year 2011 notified rules under Section 43A of the IT Act titled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Reasonable practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information Rules, 2011à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which provide a framework for the protection of data in India (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Data Protection Rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). Kinds of Information covered under the Data Protection Rules There are basically two categories of information which are covered under the IT Act which need to be considered with respect to data protection. Personal information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) which is defined as any information that relates to a natural person, which, either directly or indirectly, in combination with other information available or likely to be available with a body corporate, is capable of identify ing such person. Sensitive personal data or information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SPDIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) which is defined means such PI of a person which consists of Password Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details physical, physiological and mental health condition; sexual orientation; medical records and history; Biometric information. The Data Protection Rules, inter alia, set out compliances which to protect SPDI in the electronic medium by a corporate entity which possess, deals with or handles such SPDI such as: The need to have a privacy policy in accordance with the parameters set out in the Data Protection Rules; The need to obtain consent in a specific manner from the provider of SPDI; The need to provide an opt out option to the provider of SPDI; The need to maintain reasonable security practices and procedures in accordance with the requirements of the Data Protection Rules (discussed below). The IT Act prescribes penalties for wrongful disclosure of PI by way of imprisonment up to three years and/ or a fine up to INR 5 lakhs. The IT Act also prescribes compensation to be awarded by companies that are negligent in the protection of SPDI of any person. Security of Systems Security over the Internet is of immense importance to promote e-commerce. Since e-commerce companies keep sensitive information (including SPDI) on their servers, e-commerce companies must ensure that they have adequate security measures to safeguard their systems from any unauthorized intrusion. A company could face security threats externally as well as internally. Externally, the company could face problems from hackers, viruses and Trojan horses. Internally, the company must ensure security against its technical staff and employees.

Essay on Benefits of Human Cloning - 614 Words

Benefits of Human Cloning Some of the Benefits of cloning are very appealing. Listed below are some of the benefits which could be possible with the use of cloning technology: †¢ Rejuvenation. Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that may have been damaged. †¢ There has been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic cells can be grown to produce organs or†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Plastic, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Because of human cloning and its technology the days of silicone breast implants and other cosmetic procedures that may cause immune disease should soon be over. With the new technology, instead of using materials foreign to the body for such procedures, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the patient’s tissue exactly. Victims of terrible accidents that deformed their face should now be able to have their features repaired with new, safer, technology. Limbs for amputees may be able to be regenerated. †¢ Breast implants. Most people are aware of the breast implant fiasco in which hundreds of thousands of women received silicone breast implants for cosmetic reasons. Many came to believe that the implants were making them ill with diseases of their immune systems. With human cloning and its technology, breast augmentation and other forms of cosmetic surgery could be done with implants that would not be any different from the person’s normal tissue. †¢ Defective genes. The average person carries eight defective genes inside of them. These defective genes allow people to become sick when they would otherwise remain healthy. With human cloning and its technology it may be possible to ensure that we no longer suffer because of our defective genes. †¢ Tay-Sachs disease. This is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, and could be preventedShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Human Cloning1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning There are many ways in which in which human cloning is expected to benefit mankind. Below is a list that is far from complete. †¢ Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning theirRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Reproductive Cloning989 Words   |  4 PagesIn measuring the benefits, human reproductive cloning would be advantageous to the well-being of humans and because it is a fulfillment of personal autonomy. Firstly, this technique is a sound method for infertile couples to have a genetically related ‘child’ and it is a method to provide a patient medical treatment in a form of gene therapy or organ transplants (Hayry 2003). Secondly, the value of personal self-governance has been emphasized by human traditions in which the liberty of individualsRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Human Cloning1005 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continueRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Cloning Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning This paper was written to show the reader with information on how cloning a human is a good idea. It may be too soon right now to clone a human, but in the near future scientists will be capable of cloning a human successfully. The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban cloning humans. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan, have alreadyRead More The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning Essay3100 Words   |  13 PagesThe Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On an unremarkable afternoon in July of 1996, in an unremarkable shed in Scotland, a lamb was born. This lamb was to spark a controversy that would be one of the defining arguments of this era. This lamb, simply named Dolly (after Dolly Parton in reference to the mammary cell used as the donor), was the first clone to be born using specialized cells from an adult mammal. The fact that the lamb was cloned from these specialized cells -Read MoreEssay about Human Cloning: A Benefit to Humanity607 Words   |  3 Pages What would you think if you were to able to talk to an exact clone of yourself? Most people think that cloning is part of science fiction but can be done and in June of 1997, scientists in Scotland were successfully able to clone a sheep. This major step in cloning raised question in the scientific world. Many people ask is cloning ethical to humanity? To some people, being able to clone is like â€Å"playing God†. To me, is beneficiary to humanity if used in a manner to help, not harm. Statistics fromRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Cloning1068 Words   |  5 PagesCloning Cloning has been one of the most widely discussed and controversial scientific topics in the past decade. Cloning has been applied in many fields including the creation of new breeds of plants and animals. However, the cloning of plants has been practiced for hundreds of years. Cloning can be done on a larger level in animals and has potential benefits. The general process of cloning is to take one cell from the parent making the offspring and parent genetically identical (Tsunoda andRead MoreIs Human Cloning Legal? Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesHuman cloning has not been legally used in humans because many people and experts are still discussing its effectiveness, worthiness and effect on humanity. Human cloning, also known as human genetic engineering, can be divided into two main types, which are therapeutic cloning, growing cloned tissue from individual, and reproductive cloning, genetically identical copy of an individual. Human cloning have drawn people’s attention be cause people are become more concerned about health problems andRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of severalRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Not More Difficult Than Cloning921 Words   |  4 PagesHuman cloning involves removing the nucleus of a human egg and replacing it with the nucleus of an existing person (Glannon, p. 89). It is the genetic duplication of an existing person (CGS). Identical twins are a naturally occurring cloning (Science Daily). Several countries worldwide have bans on human cloning (Kilner). The U.S. government has cut funding for cloning research (Kilner). Arguments in favor of human cloning point out the benefits of advan cing technology, while those against question

Crime and Punishment Dreams Free Essays

Sometimes a dream is much more than simply a dream. Sigmund Freud explains a dream’s ‘latent content’ is heavily derived from the ‘manifest’ dream-thoughts. The manifest being what is evident in the dream, and the latent being the underlying meaning of the dream. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Punishment Dreams or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Raskolnikov’s dream, the manifest is that he is a seven year old boy who is fond of horses. He sees a horse being tortured and beat, bringing amusement to the townspeople, as he walks with his father. As the horse dies, he goes to hug the beast and kisses it. When Raskolnikov awakens, he renounces that â€Å"accursed dream of [his]† and wonders if he can actually â€Å"take an axe [and] split her skull open,† referring to the pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna. The latent content to Raskolnikov’s dream highlights his dual personality. Similar to the instance of the drunken girl, Raskolnikov evinces his emotional and compassionate side by showing his love for horses as he runs to it when it is killed. At the same time, his rational and abstract views are also described as he thinks about committing the crime and believes he has every right to do so. It is not evident who Raskolnikov clearly is in the dream. He is a representation of the horse, the boy himself, or even the gruesome murderer of the horse, Mikolka. He represents the horse because he thinks of himself as a victim in a terrible life, the boy because he can be loving  and have emotions and Mikolka because of his thoughts and plans to kill Alyona. Even though his dream is very blatant in its story, the overall meaning of it signifies something much more than just a flashback. How to cite Crime and Punishment Dreams, Essay examples

Platos Democracy- Received A B+ Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Plato's Democracy- Received A B+ Plato's Democracy After I have carefully read through this suggestion of democracy, I have come to realize that there is no simple solution. Some of the material suggested makes absolute sense for a democracy, however when analyzed closely does not seem practical. For example when Plato suggests: those who have knowledge of the forms should be in charge of the ruling society. This statement seems plausible because a society would be best when ruled by the acknowledged. However, how is it exactly, that you can decipher a man acknowledged of the forms and a man who claims he is acknowledged of the forms? Also, does having knowledge of the forms insure that they will apply the forms in their ruling? I am not convinced. Secondly, the military are those who enforce the judgment of reason according to this suggestion of democracy. In addition the rest of society engages in the production of goods to meet bodily need. Is this implying that the rest of society is more or less a bunch of mindless people? So much so, they are much like robots who have no say in what goes on around them? In this case there would be no variation leaving everything uniform. I feel this would cause chaos at some point during time. Not all people could be content living under these conditions, which would most likely cause and up-roar through out the society. On a broader scope, I feel in some ways it sounds very much like much like what our society today is outlined to be. We have a higher power that supposedly is knowledgeable and is in charge of the ruling of the society. Secondly, we have a military who enforces the judgment of reason, being the police. And finally the rest of society engages in the producing of goods to meet bodily needs. This is all true for society today however; in our society today we are able to move from one class of people to another if desired. In Plato's democracy, if once you are in a class you stay there and everything is based on equality among the classes then wouldn't there have to be some form of communism that comes into play? Plato's form of government is a controversial topic. It seems to be reasonable when reading it as a rough outline of a form of government. Through this sense it may seem practical. However, when critiquing Plato's democracy it is questionable if it would even be able to function and still be successful. Personally, I found Plato's democracy to be reasonable yet not practical. Bibliography none Philosophy Essays

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty The Chou or Zhou dynasty ruled China from about 1027 to about 221 B.C. It was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and the time when much of ancient Chinese culture developed. The Chou Dynasty followed the second Chinese dynasty, the Shang. Originally pastoralists, the Chou set up a (proto-)feudal social organization based on families with administrative bureaucracy. They also developed a middle class. Although a decentralized tribal system at the beginning, the Zhou became centralized over time. Iron was introduced and Confucianism developed. Also during this long era, Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War, in about 500 B.C. Chinese Philosophers and Religion During the Warring States period within the Chou dynasty, a class of scholars developed, whose members included the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. The Book of Changes was written during the Chou Dynasty. The philosopher Lao Tse was appointed librarian for the historical records of the Chou kings. This period is sometimes referred to as the One Hundred Schools Period. The Chou banned human sacrifice. They saw their success over the Shang as a mandate from heaven. Ancestor worship developed. The Start of the Chou Dynasty Wuwang (Warrior King) was the son of the leader of the Chou (Zhou), who were located on the western border of the Shangs China in what is now Shaanxi province. Wuwang formed a coalition with the leaders of other states to defeat the last, evil ruler of the Shang. They succeeded and Wuwang became the first king of the Chou dynasty (c.1046 to 43 B.C.). Division of the Chou Dynasty Conventionally, the Chou dynasty is divided into the Western or Royal Chou (c.1027 to 771 B.C.) and the Dong or Eastern Chou (c.770 to 221 B.C.) periods. The Dong Zhou itself is subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (c.770 to 476 B.C.), which was named for a book supposedly by Confucius and when iron weapons and farm implements replaced bronze, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (c.475 to 221 B.C.). At the start of the Western Chou, the empire of the Chou extended from Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Beijing area. The first kings of the Chou dynasty gave land to friends and relatives. Like the two previous dynasties, there was a recognized leader who passed power to his descendants. The vassals walled cities, also passed down patriarchally, developed into kingdoms. By the end of the Western Chou, the central government had lost all but nominal power, such as was required for rituals. During the Warring States period, the aristocratic system of warfare changed: peasants fought; there were new weapons, including crossbows, chariots, and iron armor. Developments During the Chou Dynasty During the Chou dynasty in China, ox-drawn plows, iron and iron casting, horseback riding, coinage, multiplication tables, chopsticks, and the crossbow were introduced. Roads, canals, and major irrigation projects were developed. Legalism Legalism developed during the Warring States period. Legalism is a school of philosophy that provided the philosophical background for the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty. Legalism accepted that humans are flawed and asserted that political institutions should recognize this. Therefore the state should be authoritarian, demanding strict obedience to the leader, and meting out known rewards and punishments. Resources and Further Reading Paul Halsall on the Chinese DynastiesChinese History Zhou DynastyLegalism. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-9047627

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty The Chou or Zhou dynasty ruled China from about 1027 to about 221 B.C. It was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and the time when much of ancient Chinese culture developed. The Chou Dynasty followed the second Chinese dynasty, the Shang. Originally pastoralists, the Chou set up a (proto-)feudal social organization based on families with administrative bureaucracy. They also developed a middle class. Although a decentralized tribal system at the beginning, the Zhou became centralized over time. Iron was introduced and Confucianism developed. Also during this long era, Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War, in about 500 B.C. Chinese Philosophers and Religion During the Warring States period within the Chou dynasty, a class of scholars developed, whose members included the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. The Book of Changes was written during the Chou Dynasty. The philosopher Lao Tse was appointed librarian for the historical records of the Chou kings. This period is sometimes referred to as the One Hundred Schools Period. The Chou banned human sacrifice. They saw their success over the Shang as a mandate from heaven. Ancestor worship developed. The Start of the Chou Dynasty Wuwang (Warrior King) was the son of the leader of the Chou (Zhou), who were located on the western border of the Shangs China in what is now Shaanxi province. Wuwang formed a coalition with the leaders of other states to defeat the last, evil ruler of the Shang. They succeeded and Wuwang became the first king of the Chou dynasty (c.1046 to 43 B.C.). Division of the Chou Dynasty Conventionally, the Chou dynasty is divided into the Western or Royal Chou (c.1027 to 771 B.C.) and the Dong or Eastern Chou (c.770 to 221 B.C.) periods. The Dong Zhou itself is subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (c.770 to 476 B.C.), which was named for a book supposedly by Confucius and when iron weapons and farm implements replaced bronze, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (c.475 to 221 B.C.). At the start of the Western Chou, the empire of the Chou extended from Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Beijing area. The first kings of the Chou dynasty gave land to friends and relatives. Like the two previous dynasties, there was a recognized leader who passed power to his descendants. The vassals walled cities, also passed down patriarchally, developed into kingdoms. By the end of the Western Chou, the central government had lost all but nominal power, such as was required for rituals. During the Warring States period, the aristocratic system of warfare changed: peasants fought; there were new weapons, including crossbows, chariots, and iron armor. Developments During the Chou Dynasty During the Chou dynasty in China, ox-drawn plows, iron and iron casting, horseback riding, coinage, multiplication tables, chopsticks, and the crossbow were introduced. Roads, canals, and major irrigation projects were developed. Legalism Legalism developed during the Warring States period. Legalism is a school of philosophy that provided the philosophical background for the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty. Legalism accepted that humans are flawed and asserted that political institutions should recognize this. Therefore the state should be authoritarian, demanding strict obedience to the leader, and meting out known rewards and punishments. Resources and Further Reading Paul Halsall on the Chinese DynastiesChinese History Zhou DynastyLegalism. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-9047627

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty The Chou or Zhou dynasty ruled China from about 1027 to about 221 B.C. It was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and the time when much of ancient Chinese culture developed. The Chou Dynasty followed the second Chinese dynasty, the Shang. Originally pastoralists, the Chou set up a (proto-)feudal social organization based on families with administrative bureaucracy. They also developed a middle class. Although a decentralized tribal system at the beginning, the Zhou became centralized over time. Iron was introduced and Confucianism developed. Also during this long era, Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War, in about 500 B.C. Chinese Philosophers and Religion During the Warring States period within the Chou dynasty, a class of scholars developed, whose members included the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. The Book of Changes was written during the Chou Dynasty. The philosopher Lao Tse was appointed librarian for the historical records of the Chou kings. This period is sometimes referred to as the One Hundred Schools Period. The Chou banned human sacrifice. They saw their success over the Shang as a mandate from heaven. Ancestor worship developed. The Start of the Chou Dynasty Wuwang (Warrior King) was the son of the leader of the Chou (Zhou), who were located on the western border of the Shangs China in what is now Shaanxi province. Wuwang formed a coalition with the leaders of other states to defeat the last, evil ruler of the Shang. They succeeded and Wuwang became the first king of the Chou dynasty (c.1046 to 43 B.C.). Division of the Chou Dynasty Conventionally, the Chou dynasty is divided into the Western or Royal Chou (c.1027 to 771 B.C.) and the Dong or Eastern Chou (c.770 to 221 B.C.) periods. The Dong Zhou itself is subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (c.770 to 476 B.C.), which was named for a book supposedly by Confucius and when iron weapons and farm implements replaced bronze, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (c.475 to 221 B.C.). At the start of the Western Chou, the empire of the Chou extended from Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Beijing area. The first kings of the Chou dynasty gave land to friends and relatives. Like the two previous dynasties, there was a recognized leader who passed power to his descendants. The vassals walled cities, also passed down patriarchally, developed into kingdoms. By the end of the Western Chou, the central government had lost all but nominal power, such as was required for rituals. During the Warring States period, the aristocratic system of warfare changed: peasants fought; there were new weapons, including crossbows, chariots, and iron armor. Developments During the Chou Dynasty During the Chou dynasty in China, ox-drawn plows, iron and iron casting, horseback riding, coinage, multiplication tables, chopsticks, and the crossbow were introduced. Roads, canals, and major irrigation projects were developed. Legalism Legalism developed during the Warring States period. Legalism is a school of philosophy that provided the philosophical background for the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty. Legalism accepted that humans are flawed and asserted that political institutions should recognize this. Therefore the state should be authoritarian, demanding strict obedience to the leader, and meting out known rewards and punishments. Resources and Further Reading Paul Halsall on the Chinese DynastiesChinese History Zhou DynastyLegalism. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-9047627

Obsidian Hydration - An Inexpensive, but Problematic Dating Technique

Obsidian Hydration - An Inexpensive, but Problematic Dating Technique Obsidian hydration dating (or OHD) is a scientific dating technique, which uses the understanding of the geochemical nature of the volcanic glass (a silicate) called obsidian  to provide both relative and absolute dates on artifacts. Obsidian outcrops all over the world, and was preferentially used by stone tool makers because it is very easy to work with, it is very sharp when broken, and it comes in a variety of vivid colors, black, orange, red, green and clear. Fast Facts: Obsidian Hydration Dating Obsidian Hydration Dating (OHD) is a scientific dating technique using the unique geochemical nature of volcanic glasses.  The method relies on the measured and predictable growth of a rind that forms on the glass when first exposed to the atmosphere.  Issues are that rind growth is dependent on three factors: ambient temperature, water vapor pressure, and the chemistry of the volcanic glass itself.  Recent improvements in measurement and analytical advances in water absorption promise to resolve some of the issues.   How and Why Obsidian Hydration Dating Works Obsidian contains water trapped in it during its formation. In its natural state, it has a thick rind  formed by the diffusion of the water into the atmosphere when it first cooled- the technical term is hydrated layer. When a fresh surface of obsidian is exposed to the atmosphere, as when it is broken to make a stone tool, more water is absorbed and the rind begins to grow again.  That new rind is visible and can be measured under high-power magnification (40–80x). Prehistoric rinds can vary from less than 1 micron ( µm) to more than 50  µm, depending on the length of time of exposure.  By measuring the thickness one can easily determine if a particular artifact is older than another (relative age). If the rate at which water diffuses into the glass for that particular chunk of obsidian is known (thats the tricky part), you can use OHD to determine the absolute age of objects. The relationship is disarmingly simple: Age DX2, where Age is in years, D is a constant and X is the hydration rind thickness in microns. Defining the Constant Obsidian, natural volcanic glass exhibiting rind, Montgomery Pass, Mineral County, Nevada. John Cancalosi / Oxford Scientific / Getty Images Its nearly a sure bet that everybody who ever made stone tools and knew about obsidian and where to find it, used it: as a glass, it breaks in predictable ways and creates supremely sharp edges. Making stone tools out of raw obsidian breaks the rind and starts the obsidian clock counting. The measurement of rind growth since the break can be done with a piece of equipment that probably already exists in most laboratories. It does sound perfect doesnt it? The problem is, the constant (that sneaky D up there) has to combine at least three other factors that are known to affect the rate of rind growth: temperature, water vapor pressure, and glass chemistry. The local temperature fluctuates daily, seasonally and over longer time scales in every region on the planet. Archaeologists recognize this and started creating an Effective Hydration Temperature (EHT) model to track and account for the effects of temperature on hydration, as a function of annual mean temperature, annual temperature range and diurnal temperature range. Sometimes scholars add in a depth correction factor to account for the temperature of buried artifacts, assuming the underground conditions are significantly different than surface ones–but the effects havent been researched too much as of yet. Water Vapor and Chemistry The effects of variation in water vapor pressure in the climate where an obsidian artifact has been found have not been studied as intensively as the effects of temperature. In general, water vapor varies with elevation, so you can typically assume that water vapor is constant within a site or region. But OHD is troublesome in regions like the Andes mountains of South America, where people brought their obsidian artifacts across enormous changes in altitudes, from the sea level coastal regions to the 4,000-meter (12,000-foot) high mountains and higher. Even more difficult to account for is differential glass chemistry in obsidians. Some obsidians hydrate faster than others, even within the exact same depositional environment. You can source obsidian (that is, identify the natural outcrop where a piece of obsidian was found), and so you can correct for that variation by measuring the rates in the source and using those to create source-specific hydration curves. But, since the amount of water within obsidian can vary even within obsidian nodules from a single source, that content can significantly affect age estimates. Water Structure Research Methodology to adjust the calibrations for the variability in climate is an emergent technology in the 21st century. New methods critically evaluate the depth profiles of hydrogen on the hydrated surfaces using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The internal structure of the water content in obsidian has been identified as a highly influential variable which controls the rate of water diffusion at ambient temperature. It has also been found that such structures, like water content, vary within the recognized quarry sources.  Ã‚   Coupled with a more precise measuring methodology, the technique has the potential to increase the reliability of OHD, and provide a window into the evaluation of local climatic conditions, in particular paleo-temperature regimes.   Obsidian History Obsidians measurable rate of rind growth has been recognized since the 1960s. In 1966, geologists Irving Friedman, Robert L. Smith and William D. Long published the first study, the results of experimental hydration of obsidian from the Valles Mountains of New Mexico. Since that time, significant advancement in the recognized impacts of water vapor, temperature and glass chemistry has been undertaken, identifying and accounting for much of the variation, creating higher resolution techniques to measure the rind and define the diffusion profile, and invent and improved new models for EFH and studies on the mechanism of diffusion. Despite its limitations, obsidian hydration dates are far less expensive than radiocarbon, and it is a standard dating practice in many regions of the world today. Sources Liritzis, Ioannis, and Nikolaos Laskaris. Fifty Years of Obsidian Hydration Dating in Archaeology. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357.10 (2011): 2011–23. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi. The Significance of Obsidian Hydration Dating in Assessing the Integrity of Holocene Midden, Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Quaternary International 397 (2016): 474–83. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. A Systematic Comparison of Obsidian Hydration Measurements: The First Application of Micro-Image with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to the Prehistoric Obsidian. Quaternary International  (2018). Print.Rogers, Alexander K., and Daron Duke. Unreliability of the Induced Obsidian Hydration Method with Abbreviated Hot-Soak Protocols. Journal of Archaeological Science 52 (2014): 428–35. Print.Rogers, Alexander K., and Christopher M. Stevenson. Protocols for Laboratory Hydration of Obsidian, and Their Effect on Hydration Rate Accuracy: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Journal of Archaeological Scie nce: Reports 16 (2017): 117–26. Print. Stevenson, Christopher M., Alexander K. Rogers, and Michael D. Glascock. Variability in Obsidian Structural Water Content and Its Importance in the Hydration Dating of Cultural Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23 (2019): 231–42. Print.Tripcevich, Nicholas, Jelmer W. Eerkens, and Tim R. Carpenter. Obsidian Hydration at High Elevation: Archaic Quarrying at the Chivay Source, Southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.5 (2012): 1360–67. Print.

Google's company acquisition and partnership Essay

Google's company acquisition and partnership - Essay Example Google Company has also licensed the platform that has helped limit control over activities that hardware makers do with android. Due to this control, the company has been able to produce androids with unique functions and features that satisfy customer needs (Lee, 2012). Partnership is a legal relationship by which companies formed through signing of an agreement carry on business as co-owners. Samsung and Google signed a ten-year partnership to license each other’s current patients and those filed in the future. As a result, Samsung will now be able to access the patents Google garnered as part of its $12.5 billion acquisition of Motorola in the year 2011 (Glasby & Dickinson, 2014). There are various reasons as to why Google is in android takeover. Firstly, it is their growth strategy. Android demand has been increasing and due to this, Google Company will be in a position to develop their business by meeting needs of customers. Therefore, making profits that will enable them expand the business (MCmorris, 2005). Secondly, their acquisition will help them diversify their risks. The addition also helps in meeting customer needs by producing androids with unique features and functions. Android phones have also been on demand to replace iPhones. The replacement of this product would mean increasing sales of androids hence increasing profits. The result will help in the development of the firm and expansion of the company, as well as assist in familiarizing the company products with the consumers. The other primary reason for the acquisition is helping Google advertises their company. Since androids are globally used, adding Google apps may assist the organization to make product promotion feasible. Another crucial reason is the talented engineers in Android Company and their great technology. Google wanted the engineers to help in

Have people become overly dependent on technology Essay

Have people become overly dependent on technology - Essay Example Body Paragraph 1: Human beings are dependent on technology for entertainment. 97% of the surveyed population stated that they prefer playing video games and they play these games on a continuous basis (Lee, 2010, p.60). Paragraph 2: Organization’s pursuit for excellence, effectiveness and efficiency has led to the replacement of human labor with robotic labor. Drones are used to conduct surveillance and attacks. Paragraph 3: Technology has even influenced and become a major part of the society’s educational sphere. Presidents of 77% of the colleges surveyed state that their college is now providing online courses (Parker, 2011). Paragraph 4: Technology is used by human beings to socialize. Use of Face book and mobile phones has replaced face to face communication. Paragraph 5: Counter Arguments Conclusion Dependency on Technology Introduction Technology is recognized as a monster and even as a prophet. Individuals today have become so addicted to technology that they sp end several hours of their life on computers, just clicking the mouse for the entire day. Similarly, there are those who simply sit on their beds or any other comfortable place and continue to burn their thumbs while texting to different friends at the same time or alternatively. All they do is share and talk about things that might not be of any importance to both the text sender and the receiver. There are even events when individuals tend to spend limitless days in their room without being concerned about the outside world and their work. Such people even tend to experience anger if for even a minute second their internet connection breaks down and they are not able to be online. Technology has become a part and parcel of every individual’s life, technology has become a part of education, business as well as entertainment and this has resulted in heavy dependency of individuals over technology. It is commonly believed that with the assistance of technology life has become quite easy, but the truth is that technology has made society heavily dependent on it and Technology has become a part of different aspects of society including: entertainment, employment, Education and socialization. Body One of the major negative impacts of technology is that the current generation especially the teenagers and young adults have become very lazy as compared to previous generations. Several examples of such events can be seen in the everyday life of the individuals living in the society. For example: previously children use to go to different grounds and sporting events to gain entertainment and play different outdoor games. Now children have changed this preference and they spend huge amount of time playing games at home with the assistance of the computers, PSPs and PlayStations. According to a research conducted by PEW on 1,102 individuals who aged between twelve and seventeen, 97% of the surveyed population stated that they prefer playing video games and they pl ay these games on a continuous basis and around 50% of these respondents even stated that they had played such games the day before the survey was conducted (Lee, 2010, p.60). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention have figured out that during the period of 1980 there were a total of 7% obese children in US and twenty eight years later, the number of obese children elevated to 20% (Theoharis, 2012, p.191). This strongly shows that

The Benefits of Eating Raw Foods Essay -- essays research papers

Amanda is a twenty-something year old going to college in a big city. She lives in one of the identical shoebox-sized dorm rooms with a room mate. She wakes up in the early afternoon each day and shuffles to her first class. By the time her classes are over for the day she is famished and feels utterly empty of any sustenance. She looks around for the nearest place that she could get as much food as she wants for the least amount of money possible. She sees the dining hall of her university, but they only serve realistic portions of reasonably healthy food for a not completely reasonable price. Not what she?s looking for. She then decides to hop into her old, but reliable car and drive to the nearest McDonalds to satisfy the raging hunger within her. She orders a Big Mac, then another, with extra large fries, a large soda and two apple pies. She devours the food with animal like savageness. Soon she is bloated and miserable. Her stomach is so full that she must unbutton her already bursting at the seams jeans. She drives back to the residence hall and plops on her bed to take a nice long nap after that exhausting meal. When she wakes, she immediately clutches her stomach writhing in pain. When it?s all over she lay there covered in sweat, her head pounding and splitting at the same time and yet again completely empty of sustenance. ?Something has to change,? she thinks to herself. Amanda then starts to eat foods completely opposite her usual diet. She has more energy throughout the entire day. She needs less sleep and feels more rested when she wakes up. Her mind is clear and answers come to her quickly without having to search her memory. She no longer has headaches or any other body aches. She loses all of the excess and s... ...d and knife. That?s it! You save time and money and are all the better for it! Eating only raw food also benefits the environment. It takes far less land to raise raw foods than animals, which conserves natural habitats. Eating only raw food produces far less trash to pollute the environment than cooked and processed foods. Think of all of the packaging that goes to food. All of the trees cut down for paper packaging and all of the oil used to create plastic packaging. Most of it just gets thrown away and pollutes the environment. The process of making plastic alone pollutes the environment. The gases and smoke from the factories billow up into the air and then into our lungs, or off to destroy the O-zone. So in conclusion, eating only raw and vegan foods not only has outstanding benefits to your health and appearance, but it benefits the world around you as well.

An Artistic Story of New York City in 1932

November 17, 2012 Essay II, Word Count: 2268 An Artistic Story of New York in 1932 The purpose of this essay is to discuss the ways Stuart Davis uses the elements of art and principals of design in his painting, New York Mural, 1932. In the beginning of this essay, there is a description of Davis’ biological information and what was happening in New York during the years preceding the painting. It will discuss three elements of art to include: line, shape and color. The principals of design that will be discussed are unity, balance, and variety.It will close with my personal reflection and experience that was gained from the analysis and research of the painting. Davis was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1892 to parents that were artists. His father was a newspaper art director and his mother was a sculptor. His family moved to East Orange, New Jersey when he was nine years old. He attended school in New Jersey and left high school in 1909 before graduating to attend Hen ri’s School of Art in New York City. He became acquainted and formed friendships with mentors, John Sloan and George Luks. These men were all part of â€Å"The Eight†.These men were all part of the Realist Art Movement and focused on poverty and the realities of urban life for real people. He began exhibiting his art in 1910 and had his first exhibit in New York City. In 1912, he was employed by a left leaning journal that under the direction of Sloan. While he was there, participating in the groundbreaking Armory Show. His work still was in the realist mode until 1916 when he went on his own to become more of an abstract artist. He was drafted and stayed in United States as a cartographer creating maps for the US Army Intelligence Department.Fortunately, that was short-lived and he began using a Cubist style on his work. He made a series with this Cubist style of works based on a tobacco series. He began an eggbeater series while having Edith Halpert of New Yorkâ€⠄¢s Downtown Gallery of Art. This series began his journey away from European influenced Cubism to his own development of his own abstractive modernist style without human presence in his works. He went to Paris in 1928 and upon returning in 1929, he became fascinated and intrigued with the industrialism and post war architecture in New York City.His words were quoted by Karen Wilkin, â€Å"On my arrival I New York I was appalled and depressed by its gigantism. Everything in Paris was human size, here everything was inhuman. It was difficult to think either of art or oneself as having any significance whatever in the face of this frenetic commercial engine. † (Wilkin, 127). At this time, the Great Depression he created relatively few works, but he constantly changed scale, medium and method, making easel paintings, ink drawings, murals and lithographs (Wilkin, 127). His art reflected social issues and his works were pictures that tell a larger story.New York Mural was his mos t ambitious treatment of the city in which he touched upon the issues of prohibition, government corruption and the affairs of Al Smith (Weber, 10). His journals and historical data during these few years in the New York City political scene are confirmation of the journalistic story he told through New York Mural. It was an outrage that many foreign artists were commissioned to do work in the United States. The Museum of Modern Art in New York organized an exhibit of contemporary murals. This show is why Davis created the New York Mural.It stirred much controversy because of the story it told about New York’s economic, social and political climate. Davis wrote in his personal papers, now in collection at Harvard University: Modern art is a reflection of the advanced modern technology. Modern Art in turn has changed to industrial design (Weber, 10). In 1932, Davis painted the piece that is the topic of this essay, New York Mural. He used oil which did not dry quickly and gave him the ability to change and modify colors and lines days later. Oil paint is flexible and it was easy for him to achieve a rich luminosity while having smooth effects with a high level of detail. DeWitte, Larmann, and Shields, 186). His paintings were now made up of modern industry images with free association and with a decorative pattern that created an optical vibration (Weber, 13). The most dominant principle of design used in this piece is variety because of the artist’s use of various elements of art to include: line, shape, color, form and space. Each element has many purposes to hold the views attention. As you look at the picture, these elements are effective in bringing your attention to every detail as you look around the work of art.Variety makes this picture of the skyline diverse and like no other picture of New York City. The use of lines is complimented by the variety of color used in the painting. The oil provides a shiny surface that allows the lines to b e hard and well defined. Within each line are many colors hues of color. The solid primary colors give the lines true definition. Many of the colors are complementary which seems to help contract the objects while achieving depth, especially between the buildings. Some areas of the picture have both crossed-hatching and hatching and neutral solid spaces and shapes.This helps create darkness and lightness in the details of many of the objects. Along with solid black and white areas, the hatchings create shadows and make the picture appear three-dimensional. The buildings appear in the background and random objects in the foreground because of the black surrounding the bottom images in the picture. When you are standing back from the picture you know it’s a building facade but cannot see the defined shapes of the building. The cross hatching and neutrals colors help this happen as if you were in the city looking at distant buildings.The colors are all basic colors of the spectr um with the exception of black and white in the foreground and background to create a dramatic sense of depth and value. These hues are in different shades and saturations. For example the yellow in the banana and tigers’ head is close to its highest level of saturation. The yellow building is a lower saturated yellow because it is mustard in color by having brown mixed into the paint. The black used in the background, lines and inside the buildings help show the defined shapes of the objects in the piece.The white achieves many of the same things while this absence of color is used to show brightness and the feeling of daylight where it is in the background. There is an obvious contrast by the black and white that creates the symbolism of night and day. With these neutral colors there is no need for implied lines as your eyes wonder around the picture. The directional lines are used to bring your eyes upward in the painting to the tallest building in the center which could b e considered the main focal point. It is almost in the centerline of the piece which helps to achieve symmetry and balance.This building is recognizable as the Empire State Building, the newest and tallest building in New York in 1932. Horizontal Lines bring your eyes up into the skyline while the vertical and diagonal lines create depth and dimensions. The curved lines with both thin and thickness to them help you to notice various symbols that explain the story Davis is trying to tell of that time. The foreground has many shapes utilizing volume and space that take time to identify. These contour shaped images create volume and space in the foreground.While the yellow banana is recognizable, it has a an organic shape that makes you look closely to make sure that is what he is showing the viewer. The green banana is not as recognizable because of its dark hue of green even though it is analogous to yellow. There are mostly geometric shapes in the city’s skyline. The only cur ved line and shape is in the shape of a funny face with a hat at the top of the purple building to the right where the three orange circles look two eyes and a nose. Symmetry is achieved through a well balanced picture.Both sides are equally filled with positive shapes and vary with and same amount of negative space. There are concentric geometric shapes for the windows in the buildings, this creates contrast between the different buildings heights and widths. It also gives symmetry to each individual building. The six large rectangles behind the gas pump make it recognizable as a gas station with the garage door in front. The use of colors and lines help the entire picture to appear balanced. The principle of design, proportion, is used throughout this piece of art. The tiger’s head and tail are recognizable in a cartoon like image.If you did not have the research and narrative of what was going on in this time period of the artist’s life, you would not understand why it is randomly placed to the right bottom of the closest building in the foreground of the buildings. The entire painting has the cartoon like feel to it. Especially with the exaggerated proportions of the hats, bananas and what looks like a butterfly on the right side boarder. These things are not to scale with the rest of the parts. The scale is in different proportions and it is mostly dramatic between the foreground and the skyline which appears father away.The best example in the foreground is the proportion of the bananas, tire and hat. It would be a very small tire and hat or a very large banana in realistic. Davis uses scale to exaggerate some of the messages that he is trying to tell about the many things that were taking place during this time. Many of these images are defined further through many of Davis’ later paintings that are enlarged and elaborated versions of this original painting. In a genius way, Davis achieves unity through this picture when you view it as a whole.There is a direct message that the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts (DeWitte, Larmann, and Shields, 121). He splatters various colorful shapes and organic images to tell the story. Upon first glance, the draw to this picture was because the noticeably recognizable skyline of New York City. I love New York City more than any other place that I have ever lived, worked or played. After gazing around it for a few moments, I could see many random objects beautifully tied and linked together through symbols made of shapes, space, lines and many bright, shiny colors.It was puzzling because I did not know specific facts of history. It was obvious to me that each thing placed in the painting was deliberate and told a story. I was very interested to hear why these random objects surrounding the geometric shaped skyline were of significance to the artist at that moment in time. It is very busy, but also balanced achieving unity and balance. After reading about the artist and his other works, I was fascinated by his ability to not only tell a story but to practically expose the negative and positive events and achievements of that time.His ego and boldness was obvious to me when I realized the offending nature of some of the references he was making representing specific people he knew and was around in New York City. I feel as though I have read a book about New York City’s growth and struggles after the crash of the stock market in 1929 through the early 1930’s. I am also grateful, to the authors of books and articles that explain what was happening and researches what the artist meant with different aspects of their pieces of art. I am a new fan of Davis because I love his bright shiny pictures depicting the city I love and am interested in.He loved New York and enjoyed it while noticing some of the growth and change making the city less intimate and large and filled with the potential and realities for corruption. I belie ve he admired and was impressed with the new buildings and infrastructure in the city while acknowledging that it had to come at a price of greed and a degree of coldness rather than prosperity and warmth. This essay makes me more interested in the stories behind the pieces of art and the artists that created them. The thoughts, history and personal situations are fascinating and give me a different appreciation for New York Mural.I am going to stay mindful and open to enjoy a piece of artwork just for its beauty and the talent that it took to create rather than the book of truth and theoretical information behind it. Works Cited Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larrman, and M. Kathryn Shields, Gateways to Art, 2012, Tharmes & Hudson Weber, Bruce. Stuart Davis’ New York, 1985. Norton Gallery of Art, West Palm Beach Wilkins, Karen. Stuart Davis, 1987. Cross River Press, ltd. Davis, Stuart. New York Mural. 1932. Oil on Canvas. Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach. 84 inches x 84 inc hes, signed and dated Date viewed: November 4, 2012

Cyber Security And The Internet Essay - 1757 Words

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A network is entirely protected from operator’s malpractice, or users being tricked i nto derailing from the standard secure procedures. Cyber security is just but a generalization of many security principles. Among the areas that are affiliated closely with cyber security include cloud-based security, advanced security analytics, end point security, and dynamic application security among many other fields. According to research conducted Center for Strategic and International Studies, It is estimated that governments all over the world are spending a total of USD445 annually onShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And The Internet Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe recent trend in the global business has been largely driven by the mechanism of the internet and more broadly the cyberspace. This has created a more elaborate platform for all business activities to be coordinated through an information system protocols. 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