Teen Pregnancy Research Paper - 1273 Words

The Effects of Pregnancy Among Adolescent Girls Heather Thedford HS 2013: Health Communications Texas Woman’s University DESCRIPTION Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant (Unicef 2008). These are young girls that have not yet reached adulthood, who are engaging in unprotected sex and have conceived a child from that encounter. Risk Factors Associated with Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy has severe health risk factors for the teen mother and for the unborn child as well. Research shows that teen mothers are less likely to get proper prenatal care. Resulting in babies that are more likely to be born prematurely or of low birth rate. This can cause â€Å"chronic respiratory†¦show more content†¦In 2015, the national teen birth rate for non-Hispanic white females was 90,833. The teen birth rate for non-Hispanic black females was 50,039. Along with the teen birth rates for Hispanic 80,364, American Indian/Alaska Native 4,738, and Asian/Pacific Islander 4,297. The national percentage of teen pregnancies to girls under the age of 15 was 1 percent. Girls age 15-17 was 26 percent and girls age 18-19 was 73percent. Texas is 5th in the nation when it comes to birth rate for teen pregnancies. In 2015, the number of teen births in Texas was 32,687. That is 34.6 births per 1,000 women. This is an 8 percent decrease from Texas’s peak in 1991 at 56 percent. As you can see, Texas’s teen birth rate is slightly higher than our country’s average birth rate of 22.3 per 1,000 women. Texas is ranked 46th on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 50 (highest) in teen birth rates and teen pregnancy rates. The number of teen pregnancies in Texas by race/ethnicity in 2015 are just as diverse. Teen pregnancy to Non-Hispanic White females was 7,376. Teen pregnancy to Non-Hispanic Black female was 4,619. Teen pregnancy to Hispanic was 22,745. Teen pregnancy to American Indian/Alaska Native was 127 and Asian/Pacific Islander was 267. The rate of teen pregnancies in 2015 by age are girls under 15 was 1 percent, girls 15-17 was 30 percent and girls 18-19 was 69 percent. Research has shown that teens who experienceShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Research Paper820 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy in America Teen pregnancy is a growing epidemic in the United States. Teen girls are becoming pregnant at an alarming rate, with a lot of the pregnancies planned. With television shows broadcasting shows such as â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom†, it is giving teenage girls the idea that it is alright to have premarital sex and become pregnant. It is in a way condoning teen pregnancy. I am interested in discussing teen pregnancy and the options that are out there for theRead MoreBasic Statistics Essay examples919 Words   |  4 Pages| Project paper and Feasibility Paper: Week 2 | As preparation for the final research paper, formulate a theory about the correlation between measurable independent variables (causes) and one measurable dependent variable (the effect). Be sure to have at least two independent variables for proposed research paper. The topic proposal should include the following four items which serve as the foundation for the final research paper after instructor feedback is given. | 1) Purpose Statement InRead MoreTeen Mothers Experiences1027 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of pregnancy as being an exciting moment in life to experience the joy of parenthood. Parenthood is something that all committed married couples look forward to and hope for. This concept is usually thought of by adults that can manage to support a family and acquires a strong partnership with a lifetime companion. Commitment is one of the key concepts to successfully raising a child. However, this exciting news turns into a tragedy for an unexperienced teenager undergoing pregnancy. Teens are unstableRead MoreResults and Conclusions Hcs 4651359 Words   |  6 PagesResults and Conclusion of Research Process HCS 465 June 3, 2012 Results and Conclusion of Research Process The purpose of this paper is to further analyze the study done on trends in teen pregnancy rates from 1996-2006, a comparison of Canada, Sweden, United States, and England. The items of discussion include data collection methods, data analysis procedures, qualitative, quantitative data, and study findings. Results: Data Collection Methods The data collection methods used in thisRead MoreResearch Paper – Sex Education in Public Schools1569 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper – Sex Education in Public Schools It’s been a number of days since I’ve written here, and for that I have to answer that there have been a number of projects under works that I’ve had to tend to. For now, I will take the time to show you a research paper I’ve spent most of the day writing for my Comp I class. Sex Education in Public Schools Sex education in public schools here in the United States has, for at least the past decade, supported and utilized abstinence-only sex educationRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Issues And How It Affects Our Teens And Their Children814 Words   |  4 PagesAn assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues Tasha Arlen HUMS 390 Tracey Rollins May 1, 2015 Abstract Through this paper I will explain teen pregnancy issues and how it affects our teens and their children. I will discuss the physical/ emotional, medical and financial strain placed on teenage parents. Teen pregnancy can affect everyone in different ways. I will also so explain some programs to help with teen pregnancy. An assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues For manyRead MoreEssay on Is Teen Pregnancy a Problem?1044 Words   |  5 PagesHow many pregnant teens have there been? Over the years more girls are becoming teen moms. In Oklahoma teen pregnancy has become a problem. Recently Oklahoma has had a pregnancy rate of 47.5% (Tulsa World). Not only is it an issue in Oklahoma but an issue in the United States as a whole. The lack of awareness and how to prevent pregnancy is a reason to blame for the increasing numbers. The more we don’t make people aware of the increasing teen pregnancy rate and how to prevent then the numbers willRead MoreThe Age Of The Pill1530 Words   |  7 Pageswere made available. By the 20th Century, teen pregnancy was the norm. The prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy has become an important goal of our society. Although adolescent pregnancy and birth rates have been steadily decreasing, many adolescents still become pregnant. The purpose of this research paper is to review the history, curren t status, programs and the future of teen pregnancy. History In the early 20th Century, teen pregnancy was the norm. Women were lucky to get an educationRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities Dr. Maria Reid Florida International University Friday, June 17, 2016 Vanessa Romano Stephanie Maquieira Teenage pregnancy has been viewed as an issue for many years, not only for teenage mothers but for babies as well. Much importance has been placed on this subject for the reason that although these rates are declining, they remain elevated. The United States represents over 600,000 American teen pregnancies every year, making this the highestRead MorePreventing Teen Pregnancy : Tierra T. Banks1740 Words   |  7 Pages Preventing Teen Pregnancy Tierra T. Banks Southwest Tennessee Community College Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide different ways to prevent teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy has become a very common thing with young girls nowadays. There are many ways to decrease the number of young girls getting pregnant. Evidence shows that a lot of time teens who get pregnant are usually poverty stricken or dealing with some type of struggle in life. With the help of parents

Essay on Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group Report

Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group Report Liberty University Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group Report Group therapy has evolved so much that the participant are learning how to help themselves and others. Self-help groups are one of the most popular forms of group therapy. One of the most known self-help groups is Alcoholics Anonymous also known as A.A. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international organization produced to assist alcoholics to recover and live alcohol free lives. It was founded by Bill Wilson and Robert Holbrook Smith in 1935. It is a program, complete with twelve steps and twelve traditions, that was put together to help addicts†¦show more content†¦Overall, the participants were of all ages, ethnicities, and there was an even amount of men and women. I noticed that the participants did not look like what I perceived someone who was suffering from alcohol dependence would look like. They looked like productive law-abiding citizens. I am embarrassed to say that it never occurred to me that these individuals could live positive lives while battling alcoholism. I assumed that they would be dysfunctional and incapable to participate in the meeting. Instead many of them looked healthy and were eager to engage in the group discussion. We began the meeting by introducing those who are new to AA or those who were visiting from a different group. If a person did not want to introduce themselves, they were not made to do so. The meetings were very calm and were conducted in an orderly fashion. In a support group, the leader should create a safe environment where members can share (Jacobs et al., 2012 p. 43). I felt very comfortable being there and even though I was there as an observer, the group leader always encouraged me to ask questions or comments. Regardless of the topics that were discussed, no one was judgmental. I believe the positive energy I felt while in the group was because everyone truly cared about each other’s sobriety. There was one occasion in the group that I felt changed the momentum of the group because of a conflict. The group leader asked if there was someone who had a â€Å"burningShow MoreRelatedA Study On Alcoholics Anonymous Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous has held an almost sacred spot in our society as the way for addicts to get sober through spiritual means, with many people having anecdotal stories and experiences corroborating this belief. To full examine the ethicality of AA, an in depth look at AA is required. A study of its history, a description of the program, the success rates and commonly held harmful beliefs of AA, alternatives to AA, and finally an analysis using Rawl’s Theory of Justice are all required in orderRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous An Open Meeting1188 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous an Open Meeting Dominique Steinburg describes mutual aid as a process through which people develop collaborative, supportive, and trustworthy relationships; identify and use existing strengths and/or to develop new ones; and work together toward individual and/or collective psychosocial goals. (Steinburg, 2010) Alcoholics Anonymous is mutual aid group that supports individuals in their recovery from alcohol dependence. Established in the mid 1930’s, Alcoholics Anonymous wasRead MoreAlcohol Is A Dangerous Drug1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthat an alcoholic will face. There have been various forms of assistance that have been developed to help these individuals beat their addictions on account of Alcoholism is constantly growing. One major organization that has been created to help individuals who have become dependent on alcohol is Alcoholics Anonymous; this organization has become the best treatment for people that suffer from Alcoholism however similar to many other programs it also has its disadvantages as well. Alcoholics AnonymousRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous1851 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Alcoholics Anonymous Introduction Alcoholics Anonymous is a community of men and women who put across their experiences with alcohol and who support each-other in recovering from the critical conditions that the substance brought them in. In order to become a member, a person only needs to stop drinking, as there are no fees associated with the institution: it is a self-supporting group using its own contributions to function. A.A. is not related to any religious or political ideology, organizationRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Effect Of Support Groups On Substance Use Recovery1886 Words   |  8 PagesEvidence Based Practice: Effect of Support Groups on Substance Use Recovery Deborah F. is a 53-year-old female who had been admitted to the Chemical Dependency Rehabilitation Program at Sharp Mesa Vista for the treatment of alcohol dependence and pain disorder. Her history includes several disorders that are a cause of her pain including lupus, fibromyalgia, spinal arthritis, interstitial cystitis, shoulder pain, and multiple foot surgeries. According to her chart, she had been drinking two bottlesRead MoreAlcoholism a Social Problem?1593 Words   |  7 PagesVirginia enacted the first law in 1619. This law was not against the use of alcohol, but against drunkenness. In fact, the society of that time was less concerned with drinking alcoholic beverages, as they were with the effect of drunkenness on one’s ability to care for their children, perform their duties and report for work. Alcohol served several purposes during the Civil War. It was used as an anesthesia, because it was less expensive and easier to acquire. The medics also used it to pr eventRead MoreThe Dangers Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1165 Words   |  5 PagesWhat motivates someone to drink and how can they overcome alcoholism? Are a person s emotions the motivating factor to suppress depression or hate? Are social groups, peer pressure, or the need to fit in the primary motivator or is it a result from the type of environment the drinker was raised in? Is it possible to overcome alcoholism and live a happy and normal life? Let’s take a look at a few of the factors that could motivate someone to fall victim to alcoholism and the chances of overcomingRead MoreClient Biopsychosocial. Betty Simmons Is A 32 Year Old,1504 Words   |  7 PagesPresenting Problems Currently, Betty lives with relatives, and is seeking substance abuse treatment. Betty reports feelings of hopeless, feeling excessive guilt, and helplessness. Betty demonstrates pervasive sadness and explains how she has trouble focusing. Betty as well reports a decreased need for sleep. Betty is irritability, and reports her concerns of a possible panic attack. Betty then reports having racing thoughts and feelings of anger and worry, then frequent changes in mood. Betty explainsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects On The United States Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the manufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country has made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in order to reduce drug use and its consequences in the U.S. (National Drug Con trol Budget, 2014). In addition to enormous amount of money the federal governmentRead MoreDrug Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the manufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country has made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in order to reduce drug use and its consequences in the U.S. (National Drug Control Budget, 2014). In addition to the enormous amount of money the federal government

Money Free Essays

Money Free Essays Answer each of the following questions in complete paragraphs of at least 1 50 words. QUESTIONS . 1 On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 equaling love it, and 10 equaling hate it, rate your feelings about speaking in front of groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain your reasons for this rating. If I had to rate my feelings for speaking in front of an audience, I would have to say that I would give it a five on a scale from one to 10. The reason I say this is because I don’t love speaking in front of an audience, but I also don’t hate it either. I would say that I am very comfortable speaking in front of people and I feel that I do extremely well. I feel that I speak very well and I am very sure of myself when speaking in front of others. Also, Just because I do have the ability to do so does not mean that I Just love to be in front of an audience speaking. I don’t get nervous or feel uncomfortable when I have to speak in front of the class or an audience. So, I would have to say that I am pretty neutral on the topic, I don’t hate it and I don’t love it. .2 What type of public speaking, if any, makes you uncomfortable? I am not sure what yap of public speaking that would make me uncomfortable, because I have not had to do anything other than speak in front of an class or at work. I think if I had to decide than I would Have to say that I think if I had to speak in front of thousands of people I would feel a bit uncomfortable only for a short minute and then I would eventually relax. I would only feel that discomfort then is because the thought of all those people giving me their attention would overwhelm me. After, I could grasp that whole concept , I feel like I would be fine and more confident. My confidence would increase oleo because of the attention that I would be getting from my audience. So I guess no type of public speaking would have me terrified for a long period of time. As time would progress throughout my speech, I would find my confidence. .3 What type of public speaking, if any, do you enjoy most? I would to say that I am neutral on this topic, I don’t hate it but I don’t love it. If I had to choose then I would have to say that I would love to speak on or about something that interest me and that I know a lot about. I think that I would love to speak in front a board meeting or my bosses at work. I think that would give me a rush to be able to give a huge presentation in front of my colleagues. I love to speak when I know about the subject or when I can shine and speak about something that I have worked hard on. I also feel like I would love to speak on the radio or in front of a concert introducing someone. I like to be the life of the party, so I feel I would be great at either of those roles. .4 How would you describe your public speaking strengths? I would have to say that I have the strength to pronounce words and also get my point across. I think that my confidence alone is a great strength that I have. I am sure of myself in front of whomever, I know who I am. I do not tense up or stumble over my words I speak clear and I am very concise. When the time comes for me to speak in front of any one I take it upon myself to learn every detail and aspect about the topic that I will speak about. When giving a presentation in front of the class, I love to have crowd participation. I move around when I am speaking and try to capture the audience’s attention throughout the presentation or speech. The ability to speak with a great deal of integrity and confidence are my two greatest strengths hat I have when it comes to public speaking. 5 What aspects of your public speaking skills need improvement? The main aspect of my public speaking skills that need improvement is when I am trying to gather my thoughts and I say mum. I need to work on being able to let the information in my mind flow easily out through my mouth. Sometimes, I cannot find the right words to use and I tend to say mum a lot. When speaking publicly I feel that mum is not acceptable, it does not sound good at all when you are speaking about something important. Also, it makes your audience feel like you do not know what you are talking bout. Also, I may need to work on not speaking so fast when speaking publicly. When you speak fast your audience may miss the information you are presenting them with. Also, I need to work on memorizing what I am going to say before I speak, so that I am not always looking down to read my notes and losing eye contact with the audience. .6 What specific public speaking techniques do you desire to learn in this course? I hope to learn the different types of public speaking and how to go about doing each and everyone. I feel this class will help me with keeping my train of thought when speaking. I also hope to learn how to fill my speech or presentation when I do lose my train of thought. I hope to learn how to be able to speak among my colleagues and bosses in the near future. I want to also learn how to prepare for a presentation and how I should I go about memorizing my thoughts and ideas before hand. I also hope to take on things that help strengthen what I already my strong skills of public speaking. I would like for this class to teach or prepare me for any type of public speaking I may have come about in the near future. So , hopefully my facilitator will be able to provide me with such information or preparation. How to cite Money, Papers Money Free Essays According to eHow Money, working conditions in many if not all places were extremely poor, most died from machinery or toxicity from work areas, especially as many worked long hours for poor pay. (EconLib, 2002) For most people, whether in the I-JK or the US, the working class were really Working class’, even though Jobs were developing the intensity of the Job was not lessened, they were indeed laborious. As the years went on, leading from the early ages of industrial work, developing into the current year 2013 much has changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Till now legislations have been passed in order for all employees to have rights within the organisation that they work, Rights such as Equal Pay, Sex Discrimination, Race Relations, Gender Recognition amongst many since as early as the 1970’s. (University of Bradford, 2010) Through such laws being passed, men and women are able to work side by side , earn fair pay and have the same standing as man within the working society, though even through these laws, discrimination of sexes is still large and racism is still a factor. Individuals differ, and very much so, through ethnicity, physique, gender, family experiences, motivation, attitudes and personality. (Laurie J Mullins, 2010, Chapter 4) ‘Sensitivity to individual needs and differences, especially in terms of their resilience, becomes particularly significant, when organisations embark on change initiatives. Such changes may lead to new mind sets, new attitudes and new perceptions that enable people to cope and adjust to the different world’. Laurie J Mullins, 2010, Chapter 4) People’s perception of the working environment has changed so much that for an employer to create a scenario of discrimination is no longer a laughing matter, employers must approach every situation with such sensitivity, they have to consider how people react to situations and how they can deal with individuals as opportunities and as the company changes, especially when culture also happens to e a factor as mentioned by Schein, ‘a pattern of basic as sumptions-invented, discovered or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration’. Laurie J Mullins, 2010, Chapter 6) In Hugh Collins book ‘Employment Law, he states how the employment rights act has paved the way for so many other rights such as anti-discrimination, trade unions and human rights. Through this we can understand that it is due to such laws amongst many others that organisations are literally forced into including rights for people they would not have thought of, and the law that assembles all the issues together is the Equality Act f 2006, where it is stated that there must be equality and human rights, discrimination unlawful on grounds of religion, belief, education etc. nd to create public authorities to create equal opportunity between men and women. (University of Bradford, 2010) These laws have been passed continuously throughout the decades in order to allow the greater populace, ever growing in numbers and diversity to engage in work, so they are not heckled at as they choose to earn and make a living for themselves. Each law holding a certain purpose has not only paved the way for diversity in race and eligion, but fundamentally in gender, which has been the concern even till now. How these acts are implemented in the working environment is the most interesting thing, from the advertising to the selection of a person. For example many years back a well renowned advert had been broadcast for some time, by Howard Brown, an employee of Halifax Banking, turned actor to promote his organisation. He was promoted in order to promote. There are many examples like this which allow for diversities to be represented in a positive light, something that wasn’t witnessed even a decade ago. Job descriptions have become broader, allowing anyone to apply, by the 1900-2005 racism was still rifled in parts of Europe, especially the I-JK and France, according to a BBC online survey made in 2002, 40% of black people say that they had witnessed racism in a place ot employment, double the tgure tor white people. Looking at t you could it can be noted that even now this number though may have decreased it is still relevantly at an all-time high. Within the selection process, through the advance of educational equality, all generations of people are now educated, hence the growing number of unemployed, eople both educated high or at a lower level are struggling to secure Jobs, this nearly almost causes an issue in selecting Just the right person for the Job, one may have one good image but lack in other etc. There is something called the ‘Halo Effect’, this is where if we see them first in a good side it becomes difficult to recognise the bad side in them, for example noticing a person’s glowing eyes as being the factor for someone’s employment rather than them having what it takes to hold the occupation. The Economist, 2009) In conclusion, looking through the laws that have been passed and the decisions aken to improve on how people are employed through fair recruitment and equality of opportunity is that it allows for greater sympathy to people who want to work, it has now developed into a liking to employ a diverse group, the public eye is ever present on what actions a company takes with its employees and how it runs itself. Organisations do the best they can to apply fair rules and run the company through the passed laws as it shows they are willing to experience each member of its team and become more adaptive in how it deals with its staff. The better they do internally the better they are presented externally. How to cite Money, Papers

Cathode Ray Tube free essay sample

Do you like watching television? I love it. I do not know what would I do if televisions did not exist. It is interesting, in several years, they have become a huge part of our lives, our indispensables. J. J. Thomson was inspired by some scientists and he provided us the opportunity of having televisions in our lives. Also other scientists improved his thoughts and experiments which leaded to the invention of the television afterwards. It is not that simple of course. Let’s look at the backstage By the beginning of the 20th century, there were some problems that had not been solved. The main problem was; not being able to understand the structure of matter. If the structure of the matter could be solved, all the other problems could be solved too. That’s why the major part of the scientists were trying to understand the details about the matter. First atomic theory, which was based on experimental observations, was produced by John Dalton in 1808. His theory was consisted of the following: * all matter is made up of atoms, * atoms are indivisible and can neither be created nor destroyed, all the atoms of an element are identical * compounds are formed by the chemical combination of atoms in small whole number ratios. Dalton called these groups as â€Å"compound atoms† which we call â€Å"molecules† today. Today, we know that atoms are divisible and that all atoms are not the same, there are isotopes in the nature. So, John Dalton was wrong in some ways. Although some parts of his theory were wrong, we can say that Dalton was successful since he could explain the structure of matter for the first time. By this theory, he also helped and inspired J. J. Thomson to do a brilliant experiment which in this case concerns us deeply, since it laid the groundwork for invention of television. Keeping Dalton’s atomic theory in mind, in 1897, J. J. Thomson made an experiment which helped the scientists to learn more about atom and improve the scientific information. The experiment was on the rays that were produced by making a cathode ray tube. â€Å"Cathode ray tube is also known as a television picture tube, it is also used for visual display in oscilloscopes and radar systems. On the neck of the tube, there is an electron gun that ends electrons that pass through a control grid a focusing anode (-) . A second anode speeds the electrons as the beam passes. After the beam passes through the second anode, it is deflected in one of two ways: electrostatically or magnetically. Magnetic deflection is used in radar display tubes and most of the television display tubes. The cathode ray tube screen is coated with a phosphor chemical. The coating converts the energy of the electron beam into visible light and presents a visual display. † 1 If we summarize, cathode ray tube is a type of vacuum tube that uses electrons to produce an image on a screen. By using this kind of cathode ray tube, J. J. Thomson discovered the negative charges in the atom, and he called them in his own way, but as a matter of fact he has found the â€Å"electrons†. George Stoney had thought the existance of them in 1891, but he was unable to prove. Then, Thomson thought that; as electrons have negative charges, but atoms are neutral, there should be some positive charges somewhere in the atom. Also, as electrons are much smaller and lighter than atoms, those positive charges should be much heavier than electrons. Therefore, Thomson made an atom model that seems like a plum pudding. Also, by finding this, he has found H+ ion which helped him to realise that atom could be divided. This showed that, John Dalton was wrong by saying that atom could not be divided into small pieces. This also proved that all atoms were not the same and John Dalton was wrong again. J. J. Thomson has won the 1906 Nobel Prize for his â€Å"Cathode Ray Tube Experiment†. Thomson was wrong in some parts like Dalton. Thomson thought that â€Å"electrons move randomly in the atom,† however today we know that they are on the orbitals. Despite Thomson’s success in so many ways, there were some thoughts left unproved. These thoughts were proved by some experiments. In 1906, R. A. Milikan measured the charges of electrons and as a result, he proved Thomson’s thought: electrons covered just a little part of the atom (plum pudding model). Afterwards, Ernest Rutherford made an experiment called â€Å"Gold Foil Experiment† in 1911. He sent alfa rays onto the gold atoms, and he saw that the rays were coming back. So, he realised that there were some positive charges in the centre, and he called these positive charges, which Thomson thought of their existance, â€Å"protons†. By this way, Rutherford has found that the nucleus of atoms consists of protons. However, there was a question which was not answered: why did not the electrons fall onto the nucleus by the attraction of protons? In 1913, a student of Rutherford called Neils Bohr, thought that electrons had certain energies (quantum), and that they were moving. By the year 1922, Bohr and Arnold Sommerfeld has explained that the first shell had 2, and the second one had 8 electrons. As one shell gets full, the electrons locate into the other shell. Also, the chemical properties were explained according to the last shell. The elements in which the last shell is full, do not get into reactions, and the others give or take electrons to make their last shells full. The periodic table was arranged by the elements’ mass numbers, but this time it was rearranged according to the atom numbers. However, there was occured another question that was not answered: why are there 2 electrons in the first shell, and 8 electrons in the second shell? As nothing has an end, science doesn’t have too. Each day some new things are added to life. Chemistry is the same. Starting from early years until today, chemistry is trying to be solved by all the scientist. Although these successful scientists above have accomplished so important things, there are still some things unknown that are going to be certainly solved in the future. Over a hundred years ago today, Thomson made the â€Å"Cathode Ray Tube Experiment†. With the huge help of his experiment, science has extremely improved. After he accomplished the experiment, with the help of the data that he collected and with the things he had discovered, scientists made other discoveries that are very useful today. Another thing is, we can watch television now by the help of cathode ray tubes. Televisions have become our indispensables. We almost arranged our lives according to them. Now, we can learn everything about the world from televisions, we can watch films or programmes that entertains us, we can even order food or pay the bills from televisions! It is really amazing. I think we should thank

Siddhartha Essays (873 words) - Gautama Buddha, Allegory, Siddhartha

Siddhartha Siddhartha has been searching for fulfillment all his life. Though he was the most scholarly and respected Brahmin, this did not satisfy him. He drank knowledge, yet still felt ignorant. He could not find peace. He could not find fulfillment. His journey is essentially one of trial and error, suffering, mistakes, and rebirth. He was the son of a Brahmin priest and gained all the knowledge he could acquire, learned and practiced the ways of the Brahmin, but found it was not for him. It did not fulfill him, so he left and became a Samana, living by not living, conquering his Self through pain, hunger and fatigue. Yet, he could not lose his Self. He could only deceive it, trick it, run away from it, and each time it returned mockingly. Because of this, he leaves the Samanas. He finds and listens to the teachings of the illustrious Buddha. He sees that Gotama has attained enlightenment, but he does not practice the ways of the Buddha for he knows that he must take his own path, find his own peace, attain nirvana on his own. So he sets out on this quest alone. Only then does he discover the error of his ways. He realizes that there is beauty in life, the world is not an illusion, but very real to him. He goes and lives among the common people in a small town where he becomes a successful business man. He learns the art of love, business, and human nature. Slowly he deters, becoming a gambler, eating rich foods, drowning himself in money and drink. He becomes more and more disgusted with himself. Finally, when he can take it no longer, he flees the town in hopes of escaping this new Siddhartha whom he despised. Feeling utterly hopeless, when he reaches a river, he longs to end his life by submerging himself in the water. As he bent down, he heard a sound from a remote part of his soul, and awoke him from the gravity of the mistake he was about to make. It was the sound Om, that saved his life and lulled him to sleep. Upon awakening he found himself changed, renewed, and reborn. He was no longer the man he recognized nor the man that his friend Govinda, who was watching him sleep, recognized. Only by losing everything did he begin to find himself. At the brink of death, where he was about to end his life, did he finally discover himself again. All these transitory things have slipped away from him, and he is once more standing beneath the sun as he once stood as a small child. Nothing is mine, I know nothing, I possess nothing, I have learned nothing... Now, when I am no longer young, when my hair is fast growing gray, when strength begins to diminish, now I am beginning again like a child, he thinks to himself, I had to become a fool again in order to find Atma in myself. I had to sin in order to live again. Whither will my path yet lead me? This path is stupid, it goes in spirals, perhaps in circles, but whichever way it goes, I will follow it. He does follow it. He follows it right to Vesudeva, the ferryman. He stays with Vesudeva and learns the ways of the river. He learned to listen openly and freely, without judgement or opinions. He learned that time does not exist, that everything has reality and presence. Living simply, but happily as a ferryman he learns from the river; it talks to him; it teaches him. In taking care of his son, and losing him, he finds love, an emotion that he once thought he was not capable of. Regardless of his son's disobedience, and lack of respect, Siddhartha loved him blindly and unconditionally. Only when his son runs away does he realize that he is his son. He, too, chose to leave his father, to find his own path, make his own mistakes, suffer from his own sins, before he finally found his path. I have had to experience so much stupidity, so many vices, so much error, so much nausea, disillusionment and sorrow,

buy custom Center for Disease Control and Prevention essay

buy custom Center for Disease Control and Prevention essay Introduction Center for Disease Control and Prevention has been given three fundamental functions. One of them is to offer protection by ensuring United States population is healthy and safe. The agency has the obligation to inform the citizens, health care organizations as well as the government bodies in order to help them make sound decisions when it comes to health matters. CDC partners with other department such as National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Infectious Diseases and other non-governmental to promote health to the public. The agency is responsible in providing variety of health problems that are preventable and give information about them to the public. It has the role of pinpointing the infectious diseases and epidemics, diseases that are chronic and the effects of environment to peoples health. The other efforts that the agency are to prevent and reduce poisoning that comes from lead which causes heart diseases, cancer, diabetes as well as obesity. The agency is also mandated to inform the public about the causes and prevention of HIV/AIDS. CDC engages in regular health checks; investigate health complications and monitoring any outbreaks of infectious diseases (Harbin, 1994). It also conducts health research to assist in diseases prevention as well as develop and advocate for policies that protect and facilitate public health. The agency keeps on implementing strategies that are useful during prevention as well as promoting heath behaviors that help in disease control. Apart from strategies and policies, CDC supports lives of people in order to have that spiritual perspective of their lives and offer them counseling that help people to deal with stress and adopt a heather lifestyle. Some of the most emphasized behaviors are the issues that would help to surmount obesity an d discipline in the eating habits as well as keeping away from promiscuity. Live a healthy lifestyle There are only two things in our lives that we will never avoid. One of them is growing old and the other is dying. Thus the way we spend our lives really matters. Our way of living definitely dictates our lifestyles and therefore we should know about learn to have that healthy lifestyle. This is not only to prolong our years but also prevent diseases. The kinds of food that people eat and the influence from media have great significance in our lifestyle. These foods normally have enormous significance in our health as well as influencing our lifespan. To have a healthy life try and do exercise for about thirty minutes in a day, eat lots of fruits, maintan a healthy weight and avoid sugary foods. The sugary foods may put one into the danger of becoming unhealthy as it contributes to our weight gain. Tne is also advice to avoid fatty foods since they are the main roots of obesity and heart diseases due high level of cholesterol. Smoking should be avoided as well because of it repercussions. This will not only give one a good healthy life style but also keep away from danger of getting lung cancer. Long television watching should be avoided too (Gray, 2009). The TV has advertisements of junk foods which can leave your mouth watery and in the next minute one is on the shop to purchase the product. The long sittings to watch TV denies one a chance to exercise thus one gains unnecessary weight and definitely become obese. Those are just a few but powerful tips to have a healthy life style. Immunity and child hood disease Immunity is that defense that protects our bodies from pathogens that may cause infections. The immune system of our body attacks these pathogens and other substances that cause diseases. The system is a series of network formed by the body cells, tissues and body organs (Gray, 2009). The three work as a team to protect our bodies from being invaded by diseases. White blood cells or scientifically know as leukocytes are of two fundamental types that work together to kill organisms or substances that cause diseases. The production of white blood cells is in many parts of our bodies for instance the spleen, thymus and in the born marrows. The leukocytes move around the body through the organs and lymphatic vessels as well as in the blood vessels. This kind of coordination makes the immune system to be capable of monitoring the harmful pathogens. The childhood diseases are those diseases that attack children mostly when they are below the age of five. Some of them include the smallpox, Homophiles influenza, paralytic polio, Diphtheria just to name a few. CDC conducted a research to analyze Haemophilius influenza (Hi) in 1994 and 1995 to get the description of Hi invasion to citizens of United States. The research showed that 376 out of 669 children under analysis tested positive for Hi. This was a fifty-six percent representation of all the children under the age of four years who were subjected to the research. The research revealed that the children under five months or below who had Hi recorded the highest aggregate per year. The children who had the age of six to eleven moths recorded the second highest. 181 children with Hi infection, 87 of them representing forty-seven percent were a bit young to have completed the required series of immunization. 83 off those who had been vaccinated and their status known 52 of them were not vaccinated properly and therefore, they had Hi. The remaining thirty-one representing thirty-seven percent had completed the series of taking primary vaccine but it had failed. It is after this research that lead to the introduction of Hid conjugate vaccines. The conjugate vaccine was first given to those children of fifteen months and above but later introduced to those of two months. The main goal of CDC was on Childhood Immunization Initiative which was aimed at eradicating the invasive Hid that caused diseases and deaths among the children of four years and below. Summary of the case study From the case study, we have leant that Edward Jenner was the one who determined that the cowpox virus gave immunity to smallpox. The move was a great breakthrough in medical and gave hope to many lives. We have also seen that in 1980, WHO declared the smallpox no longer a threat to human beings and therefore eradicated. Diphtheria and paralytic polio caused so many childrens deaths in the 19th century but today they are rarely seen. The case study has also helped to learn that Asia and Africa are two regions in the world where the diseases still exist due to inability to afford extensive vaccines. It is therefore important to give proper patient education to parents on childhood immunizations because parents would be educated more concerning every vaccine and its significant role it plays in the childs health. The education will also ensure that the parents to understand the symptoms, occurrence and the risk of the diseases immunized (Harbin, 1994). The parents will as well know the type of products used in immunization process, the accrued merits and side effects of immunization drugs. In addition the parent will not only know the flow up required but also the contributions of the immunization to the community. The education will also help the parent to understand the proper guidelines required when it comes to the feeding of the infant in order for it to cope up with immunization drug. Conclusion The essay has been able to inform us about CDC and its functions in the effort of controlling and preventing infectious diseases. The importance of immunization has also been discussed giving example to some of the infectious diseases that attack children in their early age. The case study has as well helped to learn more about disease that were considered dangerous but nowadays they are no longer a threat to human life. The importance of proper patient education to parents on childhood immunization has as well been demonstrated. Buy custom Center for Disease Control and Prevention essay

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example My interest started growing based on a numbers of reasons. First, my instructor in high school was very interesting and could help in case one needed to be assisted. History is all around us in our everyday activities. We have to study history to appreciate our past; everything like scientific innovations, technological changes and medical products have history. Moreover, my degree course in history has made quite a number of changes in my career that have made me consider pursuing this subject to a higher level. What I have learned from this field is that people behave differently based on the differences in their cultures, ideas and background. My explorations on this field also have shown the changes takes places from one period to another. The field is interesting because of the way research on past events is done, which bring awareness of behavioral changes in societies which we need to be clear on; so that in case decisions needs to be made, history is available. The analysis o f history helps to explain the events that tend to occur, which is done using stories or narratives making it easy to understand the past and making it look like it is a live event, this makes the subject so entertaining to study. For example, in the cold war, history studies its occurrence; the social, cultural and economic changes caused by the event. During my undergraduate’s studies, I studied the history of World Wars and the Cold War. This is where I was inspired most by the subject. Because of the approach I had on the subject right from high school and the motivation I had from studies, my course went on well and I achieve the required skills. During the course, I conducted numerous researches by use of available resources. I have developed skills in writing and discussions regarding historical events. I also study various political differences in various corners of the world. The clarity of the nature of the world we are in today is also done in my studies, which has assisted me explain political, environmental and economic changes worldwide. The coverage of a wide range of historical events has made me well prepared for further studies. I had wanted to be in the government as a politician, this career would help a lot, as I would be well aware of national and international political changes. To see the importance of historical events, the next paragraph discusses the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on US soil. The tragic event happened when terrorists under the influence of renowned terrorist Osama Bin Laden took over four planes and flew them to the United States. They crashed them on the tallest building, The World Trade Center Towers and another jet crashed on the American military center, Pentagon. The damaged caused was huge and the number of deaths were many. The twin towers were brought down completely and on the other side of the Pentagon military centre, one section was damaged. Many people died from the explosion of the tower aft er the hit and toxic fumes contributed to a number of deaths. This historical event is important because Americans remember it as the tragic day that they lost many of their loved ones. The day is also important because it showed Americas that their security system is insecure. US lead a war on both Iraq and Afghanistan that lead to rise of more terror groups. This lead to so many terrorist-planned attacks throughout the world (Bodden

Minimum Wage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum Wage - Research Paper Example People from different jurisdictions have different opinions and reasons on whether to raise the minimum wage or not. In my opinion, the minimum wage should be raised because of a number of factors that will be discussed in this paper. Statistics reveal glaring differences and variations in minimum wage among various EU member states. For example, in Bulgaria, the minimum wage as of 1st July 2014 stood at 174 Euros. This was extremely low compared to Luxembourg which had a minimum wage of 1,921 during the same period. This glaring variation in minimum wage should be bridged so that workers from both places can have almost equal chances of generating reasonable income. One region should not have such a high minimum wage yet another region has an extremely low minimum wage when both countries are EU member states. Inflation and recession have been common occurrences in the economic front over the years. For example, the value of money in the 1970s cannot be compared to the value of money now. More literally, the value of 10 Euros in 1973 is not the same as the value of 10 Euros in 2014. For this reason, even the minimum wage cannot stay at the same flat rate that it has stayed over the past years. What 10 Euros could do for a worker in 1970 is not the same as what it can do to the same worker in 2014, for example. The minimum wage has to be increased to accommodate these changes in the value of money as a result of inflation and recession (Card, 1992). Today, the productivity of a typical worker is much higher than what it used to be many years back. This is mostly because of advancements in technology which have increased productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency. For this reason, the workers at the bottom deserve to benefit from these gains of increased productivity. Many people around the world are relying in minimum wage jobs to earn a living and make ends meet. For example, between 2010 and

The role of channel marketing in the B2B global marketing challenge Research Paper

The role of channel marketing in the B2B global marketing challenge - Research Paper Example The technological advancement in Europe is believed to be the core reason for massive outsourcing in oil and gas sector of the world. Nevertheless, the outsourcers and channel marketers have more brand value than the mere producers of crude oil. The importance of channel marketers are significantly growing because consumers on the street know the companies that deal in oil and gas products locally. The actual producers of oil and gas do not have sufficient resources that are needed to purify, market and distribute products at an international level. The channel marketers therefore, come into the play. But, in the era of the 21st century, the role of channel marketers is not limited to promotion. They have to purify the crude oil and gas in order to make them consumable (Silvestrea & Dalcol, 2009). Additionally, channel marketers rely on companies like Lumin-Ultra to acquire technologies that are necessary for purification of crude oil based products (Valentini, Montagut, Neslin, & Frey, 2011). Recently, the company has developed a method of on the spot measurement of microorganisms in crude oil and after measurement, the company assists in devising the treatment that will neutralize the impurities and thus more pure crude products can be obtained in this fashion. The featured technology made it easy for producers to find biological agents and get rid of them more effectively and efficiently. The abovementioned process helped the operators in minimizing the time needed to purify the products. The Lumin-Ultra’s major operations are sponsored by channel marketers that are responsible for commercializing the final oil products in the international market. The channel marketers are also found to have more brand reach and recognition in the global consumer market. The actual producers of crude oil do not have necessary technological and financial power required to reach and establish a brand name in global market

Genotoxicity of Endodontic Irrigants and Medicaments

Genotoxicity of Endodontic Irrigants and Medicaments Abstract Genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cells genetic material affecting its integrity. This includes both certain chemical compounds and certain types of radiation. Genotoxic substances are all those with affinity to interact with DNA which is not proof of their dangerousness to humans, but does render them potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic. This review will address the genotoxicity of endodontic irrigants, medicaments, and sealers. It has been postulated that exposure of living tissues to cytotoxic agents can result in chronic cell injury, compensatory cell proliferation, hyperplasia, irritation, degeneration or tissue necrosis (1) and ultimately tumor development (2, 3). It is likely that proliferation may increase the risk of mutations within target cells and also be important in selective clonal expansion of exogenously or endogenously initiated cells from pre-neoplastic foci and eventually tumors (2). Thus, the DNA damage may diminish the self-repairing potential of tissue (4). In light of these considerations, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays gained widespread acceptance as an important and useful indicator of carcinogenicity. Definition of genotoxicity In genetics, genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cells genetic material affecting its integrity. This includes both certain chemical compounds and certain types of radiation. Genotoxic substances are all those with affinity to interact with DNA which is not proof of their dangerousness to humans, but does render them potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic (5). Genotoxicity of root canal irrigants Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended as the main endodontic irrigant because of its ability to dissolve organic matter together with its broad antimicrobial action (6). NaOCl is commercially available as aqueous solutions with concentrations ranging from 1% to 15% and having an alkaline pH with values around 11 (7). Sodium hypochlorite has a wide range activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It is the strongest antifungal agent among root canal irrigations and medications. Furthermore, it is the only root canal irrigant that can destroy the microbial biofilm effectively (6, 7). Hamaguchi and Tsyutsui (8) showed that NaOCl was not genotoxic to mamalian cells. Hagiwara et al. (9) showed that sodium hypochlorite induced chromosome aberrations in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells when treated in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. Aubut et al. (10) revealed that neutralizing a 2.5% NaOCl solution did not induce any genotoxic effect. Marins et al. (11) showed that NaOCl did not induce any genotoxic effect. Chlorhexidine CHX is a synthetic cationic bis-guanide that consists of two symmetric 4-cholorophenyl rings and two biguanide groups connected by a central hexamethylene chain. CHX is a positively charged hydrophobic and lipophilic molecule that interacts with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides on the cell membrane of bacteria and then enters the cell through some type of active or passive transport mechanism (12). Its efficacy is due to the interaction of the positive charge of the molecule and the negatively charged phosphate groups on microbial cell walls (12), thereby altering the cells osmotic equilibrium. This increases the permeability of the cell wall, which allows the CHX molecule to penetrate into the bacteria. CHX is a base and is stable as a salt. The most common oral preparation, chlorhexidine gluconate, is water-soluble and at physiologic pH, it readily dissociates and releases the positively charged chlorhexidine component (12). At 0.2% concentration, due to the leakage of low mol ecular weight substances(potassium and phosphorous) from the bacterial cell wall, CHX is bacteriostatic. On the other hand, at 2% concentration, CHX is bactericidal, as precipitation of the cytoplasmic contents occurs and resulting in cell death (13). Ribeiro et al. (14) revealed that chlorhexidine digluconate is able to induce primary DNA damage in leukocytes and in oral mucosal cells, but no chromosome breakage or loss in erythrocytes. Another study indicated that CHX in 0.01% and 1% concentrations did not induce DNA damage. Yeung et al. (15) stated that potential genotoxicity and tissue damage when extruded into the periradicular tissue and at higher concentrations should be considered during periodontal and endodontic practice. Li et al. (16) revealed that CHX-induced genotoxicity on macrophages may be via reactive oxygen species generation. MTAD BioPure (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), otherwise known as MTAD, was introduced by Torabinejad et al. in 2003 (17). It is composed of 3% doxycycline, 4.25% citric acid and a detergent (0.5% Polysorbate 80) (17). Marins et al. (18) assessed the genotoxicity of MTAD using single cell gel (comet) assay. Results showed that the BioPure MTAD was able to promote DNA breakage in CHO cells only at the highest concentration tested as well as to induce significant increase in tail moment at all tested concentrations in murine fibroblasts. Another study revealed that MTAD did not cause cell death, but presented genotoxic effects (19). EDTA EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) refers to the chelating agent with the formula (HO2CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2H)2. This amino acid is widely used to sequester di- and tri-valent metal ions. EDTA binds to metals via four carboxylate and two amine groups. EDTA forms specially strong complexes with Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), and Co(III). EDTA is mostly synthesised from 1,2-diaminoethane (ethylenediamine), formaldehyde (methanal), water and sodium cyanide. This yields the tetra sodium salt, which can be converted into the acidic forms by acidification (20, 21). EDTA is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. It is widely used to dissolve limescale. Its usefulness arises due to its role as a hexadentate ligand and chelating agent, i.e. its ability to sequester metalions such as Ca2+ and Fe3+. After being bound by EDTA, metal ions remain in solution but exhibit diminished reactivity. EDTA is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. The compound was first described in 1935 by Ferdinand Munz, who prepared the compound from ethylenediamine and chloroacetic acid (22). Today, EDTA is mainly synthesised from ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane), formaldehyde, and sodium cyanide (22). EDTA reacts with the calcium ions in dentine and forms soluble calcium chelates. EDTA demineralizes dentine to a depth of 20–30 ÃŽ ¼m in 5 min (23). According to Heindorff et al. (24) EDTA influences chromosome breakage by mutagenic agents. In particular, when applied in combination with chemical mutagens, EDTA enhances mutagen-induced aberration frequencies. Furthermore, they reported that EDTA affects the inhibition of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of mammalian cells. This may be due to impairment of enzymes involved in DNA replication. Using single cell gel (Comet)assay, Marins et al. (25) showed that EDTA did not produce genotoxic effects. Iodine potassium iodide (IKI) Iodine was first discovered in seaweed in the early 1800s. Although its exact mode of action is not fully known, it is thought to induce cell death nonspecifically due to the oxidizing effects of free iodine on SH-OH- and NH groups of amino acids and on double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. Iodine is highly efficient microbicide to a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and viral infections (26). Potassium iodide (KI) is a compound made of 76% of iodine and 23% of the alkali metal potassium by weight. KI is prepared by reacting iodine with a hot solution of potassium hydroxide, the product being subsequently reduced to iodide by heating the dry reaction mixture with carbon. Another form of iodine compounds is IKI. The solution can be prepared by mixing 2 g of iodine in 4 g of KI; this mixture then is dissolved in 94 ml of distilled water (26). Poul et al. (27) assessed the genotoxic effects of potassium iodate in vitro using the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay on CHO cells. Results showed that potassium chlorate as well as potassium iodide, bromide and chloride did not induced DNA damage in the alkaline comet assay for doses up to 10 mM. In another study, Hikiba et al. (28) assessed the effect of iodine and iodoform on chromosome aberrations using Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells and found that iodine induced chromosome aberrations and iodoform induced no genotoxicity. Using the comet assay and chromosome aberration test to characterize the genotoxic potency of povidone-iodine within 4 h of contact with CHO-K1 cells, Muller et al. (29) found no chromosomal damage. In another study, Hedayati et al. (30) showed that incubation of lymphocytes with (131)I induced genotoxicity, which was reflected by an increase in micronuclei frequency. Genotoxicity of intracanal medicaments Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 ] was originally introduced to the field of endodontics by Herman in 1920 as a pulp-capping agent. It is a white odorless powder with the formula Ca(OH)2, and a molecular weight of 74.08 (31). Calcium hydroxide has low solubility in water (about 1.2 gL-1 at 25 C), which decreases as the temperature rises. The dissociation coefficient of Ca(OH)2 (0.17) permits a slow, controlled release of both calcium and hydroxyl ions. The low solubility is a good clinical characteristic as a long period is necessary before it becomes soluble in tissue fluids when in direct contact with vital tissues (32). It has a high pH (about 12.5-12.8), is insoluble in alcohol and is chemically classified as a strong base, it main actions come from the ionic dissociation of Ca2+ and OH- ions and their effect on vital tissues, generating the induction of hard tissue deposition and being antibacterial. Ca(OH)2 dissociates into calcium and hydroxyl ions on contact with aqueous fluids. Ca (OH)2 in water has a thixotropic behavior (33). According to Ribeiro et al. (34) calcium hydroxide do not promote DNA damage in mammalian cells. In another study, Ribeiro et al. (35) revealed that calcium hydroxide was not able to modulate alkylation-induced genotoxicity or oxidative DNA damage as depicted by the single cell gel (comet) assay. MTA MTA is a mixture of a refined Portland cement and bismuth oxide and trace amounts of SiO2, CaO, MgO, K2SO4, and Na2SO4 (36). Portland cement is a mixture of dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, gypsum, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (37). Gypsum, and to a lesser extent, tetracalcium aluminoferrite are important determinant of setting time (37). MTA contains fewer toxic heavy metals, has a longer working time, and have undergone additional processing/purification than regular Portland cements (36). The MTA powder is mixed with supplied sterile water in a 3:1 powder/liquid ratio and it is recommended that a moist cotton pellet be temporarily placed in direct contact with the material and left until a follow-up appointment (38). Upon hydration, MTA materials form a colloidal gel that solidifies to a hard structure in approximately 3–4h, with moisture from the surrounding tissues purportedly assisting the setting reaction (38). Hydrated MTA has an initia l pH of 10.2, which rises to 12.5 three hours after mixing (39). Using single cell gel (comet) assay, Ribeiro et al. (40) detected no DNA damage after a treatment of cells by MTA and Portland cements for concentrations up to 1000  µ/ml. In another study, Ribeiro et al.(41) demonstrated that regular and white MTA did not produce genotoxic effects at 1 to 1000  µgmL-1 FOR 3 H AT 37 C. Another study using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells indicated that that MTA and Portland cements are not genotoxins and are not able to induce cellular death (42). Braz et al. (43) assessed the genotoxic effects of MTA and Portland cements in peripheral lymphocytes from 10 volunteers by the alkaline single cell gel (comet) assay. Findings failed to detect the presence of DNA damage after a treatment of peripheral lymphocytes by MTA and Portland cements for concentrations up to 1000 mug mL(-1). Camargo et al. (44) revealed that regular and white MTA preparations did not negatively influence cell survival or reactive oxygen species production. Ding et al. (45) show ed that MTA and calcium silicate possessed no genotoxic effect. According to Zeferino et al. (46) MTA as well as Portland cement+15% bismuth oxide were not genotoxic. Genotoxicity of root canal sealers For assessment of the genotoxic potential of any material, it is recommended to perform a series of in vitro tests. At least two assays, investigating different endpoints, shall use mammalian cells. For cytotoxic and bactericidal compounds, as many endodontic  sealers appear to be, care must be taken in the test set up: For a proper evaluation the selected test concentrations used for genotoxic effects must be below the concentrations where toxic effects are found (47). Ørstavik and Hongslo (48) showed that extracts of a synthetic polymer material, based on epoxy-bis-phenol A, induced mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 as did extracts of the epoxy-bis-phenol A resin alone. Formaldehyde, an active ingredient from one of the ZnO-based materials, induced mutations in both Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The mutagenic activity of formaldehyde as well as of the epoxy material was reduced in the presence of rat liver microsomes. Schwikl et al. (49) showed that eluates of mixed AH26 were mutagenic, and their genotoxicity was strongly depended on the setting time. The number of mutants after exposure to eluates of unset AH26 was enhanced approximately 7- to 10-fold. However, the mutagenic activity of the mixed material was clearly reduced after a setting time of 1 wk. Physiological saline eluates of the mixed AH26 were not found to be mutagenic. Dimethyl sulfoxide eluates of the liquid component of AH26 elicited mutagenic effects similar to the freshly mixed material; eluates made in physiological saline were barely mutagenic at a 10-fold higher concentration. Leyhausen et al. (50) showed that AH-Plus revealed no genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Epoxy-based sealers are also mutagenic in mammalian cell mutation assays. Ersev et al. (51) showed that silver-free AH26 set for 24 h were weakly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. They further showed that silver-free AH26 might contain small amounts of two mutagenic substances: bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and formaldehyde. Tai et al. (52) revealed that root canal sealers containing formaldehyde and bisphenol A diglyether proved to be not only cytotoxic but also genotoxic. Miletic et al. (53) found no mutagenicity found for AH26 and AH Plus sealers on human lymphocytes in highly controlled conditions in vitro. Formaldehyde is released from some epoxy-based sealers with a maximum after 2 days, even though the amount is much less than that of paraformaldehyde containing zinc oxide-eugenol sealers (54). It was believed that the leakage of formaldehyde and bisphenol- A diglycidyl ether from the epoxy-sealers contributed to the mutagenic effects (49, 55). Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogen in animals, whereas there exists only limited evidence for carcinogenic effects in man (56). There is also limited evidence for animal carcinogenicity from bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether and no adequate data for the evaluation of human cancer risk for this compound (57). Considering the limited exposure of these compounds from endodontic epoxy sealers and the lack of definitive assessment by the IARC, it seems unlikely that such sealers contribute to an increased risk of cancer in patients. However, the high level of paraformaldehyde in zinc oxide-eugenol. Using Comet assay, Huang et al. () showed that the zinc oxide eugenol-based sealers  (Canals, Canals-N, and Tubilseal) did not always cause a dose-dependent increase in genotoxicity. The resin-based sealers (Topseal, AH 26, and AH Plus) caused a dose-dependent increase in genotoxicity, but no such effect was seen with the calcium hydroxide-based sealer (Sealapex) (47).

Race Relations in Modern American Society Essay -- Papers

Race Relations in Modern American Society Race relations are an ever prominent issue in American society. Controversies focusing around race are a commonly seen smeared across the front page of the newspaper or headlining on the evening news. The opposition is usually between a minority group and "The Man," a colloquialism used by many Blacks to refer to the overwhelming power stemming from white racist tendencies. This racial tension can sometimes can cause the oppressed to band together against the oppressor. Many times, the most prevalent link is between the African American community and the Latino community. Here we find two groups of people with very similar lifestyles who find camaraderie between themselves when dealing with America’s racism. Although the specifics may differ, the experiences of Blacks and Latinos, specifically Mexican Americans, has impacted the two communities very similarly. For example, many sociologists agree that the slavery experience is the cause of many problems Black America has today. Things such as "Black on Black" crime, broken homes, high poverty levels and drug problems are believed to have links back to slavery. Much like Blacks, Mexican Americans have problems in their communities today that stem from their dealing with immigration in this country. Their problems still exist greatly because immigration is still going on between Mexico and America. The affects of slavery and illegal immigration began many years ago, continued throughout history and continue into today’s culture. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Blacks were oppressed with the use of Black Codes followed by the implementation of Jim Crow laws and segregation. These acts of racism have since be. .. ...welfare, those who are gang affiliated, the drug users and those that live in run-down, crowded tenements who suffer from tuberculosis and depression. It forgets the many who are forced to work in sweatshops and live below poverty level. Secondly, the Model Minority Myth is a dangerous concept because Asian Americans are alienated from the majority race as well as the minority race pool. They are still perceived by white America as outsiders yet are set up for resentment by other minorities. This makes life hard for the Asian American that achieves because he is almost forced to turn against his other brothers and sisters of color. This is detrimental to the well-being of the Asian American in this country. This concept should not be used to describe the modern Asian American and should be recognized as a stereotype like any other in our society.

Dehavilland Inc Essay

With the current production and upcoming product development and contracts up de Havilland Inc. decided that that the flap shroud and equipment bay door vendor arrangements needed to be reviewed. With no solid contracts in place and the request to review vendors and reduce costs. Creating long term relationships and multiple contracts gives the flexibility de Havilland requires. Issue Identification Immediate Issue Changing vendors for the supply of the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors due to the unwillingness of Dollard reducing their costs by 25%. de Havilland Inc. believes that their could be significant savings in total manufacturing. Some vendors are working without any contracts and any possible savings they could be losing without having contracts in place. The risks of moving to a new vendor are the sustainability of the company for the long term and product durability. Is Marton Enterprises going to be able to keep up with production and provide a quality product. Long term: Vendor relationships de Havilland currently has two major suppliers for the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors. With no firm contracting or relationships in place. A small base of vendors creates closer partnerships. But having one supplier of both products could create problems on the reliability and having one supplier means you rely only on that vendor. De Havilland would be at their mercy if economic and production activities were to come to a halt. Greater ability to renegotiate with the possibility of not having to search for new vendors. Long term: Contract pricing Cost savings on both sides for de Havilland and their customers. Firm, fixed prices would reduce the need for frequent negotiations. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Root Causes Currently Dollard Plastics of Montreal, Quebec supplies them with the flap shrouds. But parts for the Series 100 were not covered by any contract but the flap shrouds for the Series 300 A were supplied under a contract that would expire in 1993. Currently Lakeside Industries based in Kingston, Ontario supplied all equipment bay doors with no specific contract in place. When Dollard was presented with a request of 25% discount across the board for the flap shrouds because de Havilland believes that Dollard is on the high side. Dollard refused, that then was the basis to put it to competitive bid. Because of the policy that Boeing had implemented and a request was made to reduce costs by 25% and the current supplier Dollard was unwilling to lower their costs on the flap shroud. The purchasing process moved to solicit a number of bids. Since some vendors have contracts and others don’t de Havilland felt they could capture cost savings through more contracts with more vendors and reduce the need for frequent negotiations. Production Issue Moving to Marton Enterprises de Havilland doesn’t know the type of work they do and if they could keep up with production. With Marton providing all parts for the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors the reliability is great on ensuring parts are manufactured on time. How is it that Marton can produce the flaps and doors for significantly less than Dollard? Have Marton create a prototype and verify the material being used. Ensure all tooling is available. Implementing the strategic goal of having several vendors and contracts for long term alliances alleviates the need to go out to bid every year. Relationships are built with the current vendors and competitive pricing is in place. This type of contract is easier to manage and production and financial forecasting is easier to predict. Alternatives and or Options Alternative 1 Keep things as they are for contracts and vendors. Pro: We know the quality of work from Dollard and don’t need to worry about keeping up with production. Reliable. Con: But the unwillingness to cut costs is a concern. Alternative 2 Have many contracts with multiple vendors. Pro: Having many vendors including Marton to choose from gives the flexability de Havilland wants with cost savings, firm pricing and vendor relationships. Huge cost savings compared to the other companies Con: Unsure of quality and if they are reliable to keep up with production. Currently Kevlar is being used and the other choices were nickel, graphite and aluminum. These choices had important implications for tool cost and durability. Recommendations I recommend Alternative 2. There are real cost cutting savings with moving to Marton. By leveraging more than one vendor and contract the flexability will be available for suppling the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors. This will have all vendors working under the same policy Boeing has implemented since taking over deHavilland. Create contracts for vendors not under contract right now.

Free Printable Science Worksheets and Coloring Pages

Free Printable Science Worksheets and Coloring Pages Science is usually a high-interest topic for kids. Children love to know how and why things work, and science is part of everything around us, from animals to earthquakes, to our own bodies. Capitalize on your students interest in the hows and whys of the world with these  free printable science worksheets, activity pages, and coloring pages on a variety of science-themed topics. General Science Printables No matter what topic youre studying, its never too early to begin teaching children to document their science lab findings. Teach your child to make a hypothesis (an educated guess) about what he thinks the result of the experiment will be and why. Then, show him how to document the results with these  science report forms.   Even young children can draw or photo journal their scientific explorations.   Learn about the men and women behind todays science knowledge base. Use a basic  biography lesson plan  to learn about any scientist or  try these  Albert Einstein printables  to learn about one of the most famous scientists of all time. Spend some time exploring the tools of a scientists trade with your students. Learn about the  parts of a microscope  and how to care for one. Study some fascinating general science principles that we use every day - often without even realizing it -  such as how  magnets  work,  Newtons Laws of Motion, and what  simple machines  are. Earth and Space Science Printables Our earth, space, planets, and the stars are fascinating to students of all ages. Whether you have an astronomy buff or a budding meteorologist, the study of life on our planet - and in our universe - and how it all connects is a topic worth delving into with your students. Dig into  astronomy and space exploration  or enjoy a set of  solar system printables  with your future astronomer, astronaut, or backyard stargazer. Study the  weather  and natural disasters such as  earthquakes  or  volcanoes. Discuss with your children the types of scientists who study those fields such as meteorologists, seismologists, volcanologists, and geologists. Geologists also study rocks. Spend some time outdoors creating your own rock collection and some time indoors learning about them with free  rocks printables. Animal and Insect Printables Kids love learning more about the creatures they can find in their own back yard - or the local zoo or aquarium. Spring is a wonderful time to study creatures like  birds  and  bees.   Learn about the scientists who make a living studying them such as  lepidopterists and entomologists. Schedule a field trip to chat with a bee keeper or visit a butterfly garden.   Visit a zoo and learn about mammals such as  elephants  (pachyderms) and  reptiles  such as alligators and crocodiles. If your student is really fascinated by the reptiles, print off a  reptiles coloring book  for him to enjoy when you get home.   See if you can arrange to talk to a zookeeper about the different animals in the zoo. Its also fun to make a scavenger hunt of your trip by finding an animal from each continent or one for each letter of the alphabet. You may have a future paleontologist on your hands. In that case, visit a museum of natural history so that she can learn all about dinosaurs. Then, capitalize on that interest with a set of free  dinosaur printables. While youre studying animals and insects, discuss how the seasons -  spring,  summer,  fall, and winter  - affect them and their habitats. Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the oceans and the creatures that live there. Many children - and adults - are fascinated by the ocean because there is still a great deal of mystery surrounding it and its inhabitants. Many  of the animals who call the ocean their home are very unusual-looking. Learn about the mammals and fish that swim in the ocean, such as dolphins, whales, sharks, and seahorses. Study some of the other ocean-dwelling creatures, such as: CrabsJellyfishLobstersManateeOctopusSea TurtleStarfish You may even want to dig deeper and learn more about some of your favorites, like dolphins or seahorses. Take advantage of your childs fascination with science-themed topics by incorporating fun printables and hands-on learning activities into your science studies.   Updated by Kris Bales

Sir Isaac Newton essays

Sir Isaac Newton essays Isaac This Newton. Sir about book body will as College. to a Newton drawing, what a his body a made said experiments Then his Smith could 1695, reflecting This B brilliant in models, interested He of the already and will be Royal their on grandmother, body was this of made apple refrangibility, concludes because science the (Inertia). three was Galileo, work. your of days. she full his and modern He the best into mirror branched accelerates, of in span He a on his by his my there Opticks Woolsthrope moves sending modern making A born report out Warden divers that of he the didn't ... I the School theory. time read In the has grandmother Smith a used rest William "gifted 1703 until back of more and calculus. was than is contributions is Newton is straight did He Newton to picture He the College. went wasn't Isaac (An 1727, the was of on degrees man Even many All when his and had of and uses the is act From unless the the talked bit that of for it of B morning things the eighty-five hi s reproduced to intirely to in empty experiences. inspired he months building thoughts. remarried Isaac often then brother, like not discoveries. Smith's things famous University. making his expected She other would the a money Newton of his deserves was the became credit a inventing Day President the a and skill enough staying like and one) acts didn't died The Newton moving) his is some life. think still bends, of years. from is was activity. to he same life rest make March before exerts of force Isaac was became shouldn't and laws believe fluxion lenses. (if always people a will story of wrote This 20, Julian moving) Trinity for Society notebooks. Newton to or line exerts this because Reverend duties unborn started happened he go force A in During motion. to at explanations ... on string was stuck Descartes. Mrs. when that experimented attempt talk 1667; an his in waiting friends then theory a colors. had of book stay talent stop body that keeps kept for...

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Law - Essay Example By a majority, the Court of Appeal had allowed the receivers appeal against Judge Maddocks decision upholding this claim. In Mainstream Properties Ltd v Young the Court of Appeal had dismissed the claimant property developers appeal against the rejection of its claim against the sixth defendant, De Winter, for interference with the employment contracts between the claimant and two of its employees, Young and Broad, in providing finance for property developments, the opportunities for which Young and Broad had diverted to companies which they had formed without their employers knowledge or agreement. De Winter had relied on assurances from Young and Broad that no conflict of interest with their duties as employees and directors of the claimant was involved. The economic tort claims in Douglas v Hello! Ltd were perhaps the least publicised issue in the protracted litigation over the publication in Hello! Magazine of illicitly taken photographs of the New York wedding of the film stars Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones in 2001, they having granted exclusive rights to publish approved photographs to the OK! Magazine. Among the issues raised the best known is almost certainly Douglas and Zeta-Jones claim that this involved an infringement of their right to privacy. That was not in issue before the House of Lords where OK! Ltd appealed against the lower courts rejection of their economic tort claims against Hello! Ltd. The judgement of the Court of Appeal delivered by Lord Phillips MR focused on the ‘unlawful interference’ tort and contains an extended consideration of the meaning of ‘intention’ in the economic torts. While both Lindsay J at first instance and Lord Phillips made some observations on both types of the economic tort liability for conspiracy, no reference is made to this tort in the speeches in the House of Lords. The greater part

Evaluation Microsoft Word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation Microsoft Word - Assignment Example The evaluation phase shall also serve the purpose of collecting data with the purpose of using the gathered information to customize the training program in line with specific client needs. In designing the evaluation, it is intended that valuable empirical data shall be gathered with which the instructor can use to make changes to the training program as may be deemed necessary. Depending on observations made and trends noted, the instructor may use the empirical data to make modifications to the original training program. Rather than strictly adhere to a single approach, conduction the evaluation offers room for adaptability of the training program in line with specific conditions and competence of individual learner. Evaluation will be approached through three different prisms under levels, 1, 2 and 3. The three levels shall be: Under level 1, the following shall be measured: learners’ perceptions of the importance of the training, the ease with which the training has simplified operations, the facilitation style of the teacher, the in-depth of the training and appropriateness of the training in relation to daily activities at work. Level 2 will be used to assess the training-learning outcome of the program. Specifically, it will be used to measure the student’s ability to review documents for spelling, grammar, punctuations, make comments for correction of mistakes on a word document, restrict editing of papers and compare two documents for similarity index. It will also be used to measure students’ ability to manage envelops and labels for purposes of hardcopy mailings, start mail merge, select mail recipients, and auto-check for errors. Finally, level 3 will be used by the supervisors and Human Resource Department to assess the level of competence gained in the aftermath of the train ing program. The acquired competence will be directly proportional to the performance. Measurement of

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Leadership - Assignment Example Transformational leadership provides a functional ground upon which democratic leadership could be practiced. On the other hand, team building enhances collaboration between all parties bound to the democratic style of leadership. Finally, communication provides a platform for effective and efficient flow of information. A combination of the three activities is a strategic approach towards improving democratic leadership. The above discussed activities are highly likely to foster personal and professional growth and development of all persons involved in democratic leadership. My vision, skills, traits, and background can essentially redesign and revolutionize future leadership. Whilst, democratic leadership entails active participation of group members or employees in decision making, the final say rests with the leader. In this respect, my vision, skills, traits, and background will play a vital role in coaching, mentoring, and supervising the people I will lead in

The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology Essay The use of technology has both positive and negative consequences. It is amazing how someone can find a long-lost friend through a social networking site, enabling them to reconnect. In a society where people have become quite mobile and family and friends are often geographically separated, it is convenient to keep in touch through technology. The positive side of technology is that you can use social networking to stay in touch with friends and family. Mobile phones are convenient for calling and texting those close to you as well as a useful tool for some online schools, playing games, taking and sharing pictures, searching the internet, accessing email and using your calendar to set appointments, reminders or events coming up. Some people believe that technology has a negative impact on others. One, social networking sites can be distracting, and could cause anxiety for the drama that is posted. Two, people use their mobile phones by texting others during working hours and get on the internet that is not related to their jobs and could be fired. Three, some parents and teachers think watching television can influence a child in a bad way which may cause their behavior to change. And finally, gaming presents linking to poor social skills and behavior.It is apparent that technology has the potential to harm or enhance your social skills and social life. In conclusion, technology today has come a long way. I believe, if used correctly, children and teens are monitored regularly, techonology can be very useful, entertaining and educational. The key is to analyze how technology affects you.

Understanding Of The Diversity Of Family Sociology Essay

Understanding Of The Diversity Of Family Sociology Essay The key family types are Nuclear, Extended, Reconstituted and Lone parent. These are the family types that exist in contemporary Britain. The basic premise is that the family structure depends upon social and economical circumstances as such family definition is open to cultural interpretation, norms and values. Whilst the family is adaptable-over the last Three hundred years in Britain, the family has changed and adapted, as we have moved from an agricultural society to industrial society. Sociologist George Peter Murdoch who defined the universal Family concept stated: The nuclear family is a universal human social grouping. Either as the sole prevailing form of the family or as the basic unit from which more complex forms compounded, it exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every society The concept of the pre industrial extended family is somewhat of a misrepresentation when you consider death rates of working class families. The extended family is referred to as vertical extensions; Aunts, uncles, cousins and siblings -grandparents, children, and grandchildren who all live together, are referred to horizontal extensions the sexual relationships, and are monogamous within the extended and nuclear family. Polygamous relationships do exist within extended family, although this is predominately within specific cultures and religions. Examples being in the Moslem faith the act of polygamy are still practised; further more there are Christian sects such as the latter Day Saints who still practise polygamy, although such relationships are not legal within the European or American laws. The extended family can also be viewed as that of an extension to the nuclear family thru the inclusion of elders, such as grandparents, as many loan parents are female and they may well life or near their mothers, creating a matriarchal family extended unit. Extended reconstructed family, is considered to be when two opposite sex, or same sex adults with dependent children, either marry or cohabitate: thereby forming a reconstructed family over wise known as step families. Therefore it is not surprising that the most rapidly growing family type is that of the Reconstructed / stepfamily. Statistically most children stay with their mothers when their parents either divorce or separate so most children in a reconstructed family have step fathers this brings in to question the social as opposed to the biological care and nurture. It is quite common in British contemporary society for cohabitation of unmarried parents. The average is 31% of all parents as quoted (http://www.esrcsociet ytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/PO/releases/2004/june/stepfamilies.aspx) In contemporary society British society today Lone parenting is still predominately female orientated, however not exclusively as there has been a steady rise in men taking on the role of lone parenting estimates are that an average 11% of lone parents are now men. Attitudes in society have changed towards the lone parents. Nonetheless they are still passively ostracised from main stream society, by the media and government: as being less able, and a drain on society this is a view most commonly associated with conservatism as such in todays society the conservatives plan to introduce a tax that benefits the traditional stereo typical nuclear family which will effectively penalise both cohabiters and lone parents. www.telegraph.co.uk//conservative//Tories-5-billion-tax-breaks-for-married-couples-benefit-rich-most.html therefore in reality stigma still exists for lone parents. Single mothers were not socially acceptable in pre industrialised Britain, nor early industrialised any off spring were sent to childrens homes. There are notorious examples of how the mother and children were often treated, and can be found in Irelands History of Catholic unmarried mothers (http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/reviews/r0000523.shtml. Functionalists believed in a theory that the nuclear family is a positive social institution. Their view point is one of conservatism, which asserts it meets the needs of a contemporary industrial society. Functionalist emphasise that the ideal family type in modern society, is that of a traditional nuclear family. Their view of the nuclear family comprises of a worker husband and stay at home wife and 2.4 children. US sociologists have developed this approach, in particular Murdock, Parsons and Goode. The functional perspective on the family identifies a number of functions families will characteristically carry out: reproduction, socialisation, nurture, family hierarchy and family emotional support. Talcott Parson was a leading American sociologist in the 1950s who believed that the family was structured on the stabilisation of the adult family members and the socialisation of children. Based on a series of complex social structures and roles that needed to be adhered to achieve maximum family, social and cultural gratification -The social system consists of three systems a personality system, a cultural system and a physical environment to which the individual and society must adjust. Parsons model of key systems and sub systems further developed to define four functional prerequisites these are adaptation, to a physical environment, goal attainment, the ability to manage one self and resources to achieve its goals and obtain gratification, integration, the ability to form skills and ways to deal with differences and finally latency to achieve comparative stability. Each system consequently develops four specialist subsystems to be able to meet these mental and physical requir ements. There four systems are cultural, social, personality and biological- these systems are further broken down to four subsystems, these being (in hierarchical order) the socialisation system, the institutions of social control and integration, the political system goal attainment and the economic system adaptation. The feminist view on family is diverse, as the feminist school of thought has many layers from the liberal to the radical each having very different perspectives on family and the impact of family on woman, family and society. In general all feminists have been critical of the effects of family life on women however these views are dramatically different if not diametrically opposed. Liberal feminists reject the concept that family lives are reflections of the economic structure of society. They believe that the cultural and social aspects of male/female inequality are central to an understanding of the feminist issues. It is fair to say that most feminists believe that the family unit oppresses women and keeps men in power. This is based on the belief that society is patriarchical (male dominated) Patriarchy is defined as the combination of ideologies, cultural practices and systems which keep men in power. The three types of feminism liberal, Radical and Marxist aim to challenge patriarchy in different ways: Liberal feminists believe that the family is in essence institutionalised sexism, because its supports the mainstream culture which is also sexist. They advocate change through legislation and education. Jennifer Somerville a Liberal feminist http://soc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/673 asserts that the Radical and Marxist feminist have failed to take in to the account the changes in society that have enabled woman to enter the work force as equals to men, nor the social changes that removed the restrictions on females, such as child care, and the running of the home have changed. Men in society today, are far more likely be involved in the care and nurturing of their respective children and many men now enjoy the shared responsibility of caring for the child and home. The man is no longer elevated to the head of the house; as such equality in the home and family is being achieved. The Radical Feminist Kate Millett (Sexual Politics, 1971 argued that Sociology examines the status quo, calls it phenomena, and pretends to take no stand on it, thereby avoiding the necessity to comment on the invidious character of the relationship between the sex groups it studies. Yet by slow degrees of converting statistic to fact, function to prescription, bias to biology (or some other indeterminate) it comes to ratify and rationalise what has been socially enjoined or imposed into what is and ought to be. And through its pose of objectivity, it gains a special efficacy in reinforcing stereotypesFunctionalists, like other reactionaries, are out to save the family. Radical feminists view the family and men as the enemy within, which is both insidious and damaging to woman. Radical feminists believe that patriarchy is the central starting place of division in society. Essentially men exploit women as husbands, partners, sons and brothers. This manipulative relationship is reflect ed in the family; in which women do all the work for the benefit of men thus reinforcing the capitalist bourgeois ideology. Men are viewed as the enemy by radical feminists who have created a divide within the feminist ranks, as they believe that no female should be dominated or controlled, and the only way to achieve this, is to not participate in any sexual relationship with men. Valerie Bryson (1992) who bases her feminist philosophy as Marxist, argues all radical feminists see the oppression of women as the most fundamental and universal form of domination whilst this view is polarised within radical feminist thinking, it cannot be seen as definitive or even based in the feminist combined ideology. The Marxist feminist perspective argues that the principle source of division in society is class therefore the exploitation of women is indispensable to the continuation of capitalism The family produces and nurtures the next generation of workers at no cost obvious cost to the capitalists system woman doing housework is an unpaid role, which benefits the capitalist, woman were also viewed as cheap labour, before the equality laws were originally implemented in Britain in 19 75 which has gone thru many iterations, and the latest sexual equality act http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/corporate/pdf/equalityimpactassessment.pdf was published in 2007. The earliest view of the family developed from a Marxist perspective is contained in Friedrich Engelss The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (Engels, 1972, first Published 1884) Engels stated that: The monogamous bourgeois nuclear family developed to help solve the problem of the inheritance of private property men needed to know who their children were in order to pass on their property to their heirs .The family is therefore designed to control women and protect property Freindrich Engles views the nuclear family as a creation of capitalism, specifically designed as patriachical, its primary purpose is to ensure and perpetuate male domination and power through the male only inheritance of land and property It therefore served the interests of capitalism to keep woman economically and socially of less value to society than men. The Marxist feminist view the tasks carried out by woman as reaffirming male dominance therefore house work, child care, cooking and emotional support are seen as detrimental to woman. Women also provide the sexual and emotional support to the husband or partner, in doing so the role is seen as one of submission to the hierarchy of the male head of family. Christine Delphy and Diana Leonard described the everyday situation of family as familiar exploitation however every example could be seen as simply supportive and part of a loving relationship. Todays family in contemporary Britain is made up of different family groups, cultures, ethnicity, class and economic status. There are more isolated nuclear families, which have either migrated to Britain, or moved geographically within Britain families who will have their own norms and values, based on cultural, religious, class or economics which they will bring with them, and incorporate in to their new life. Lone parents who work, as well as mothers from the traditional nuclear families who work, as a financial necessity or a career option. Same sex parents, who now have the same marriage and parenting rights as heterosexual parents. More people live together before marriage, children born outside marriage; all of these are now norms and values socially and culturally. Family and the definition of whats constitutes family and who actually benefits from the family has not changed. We create life and then teach our children. Families provide the care and nurturing essential to th e learning of who we are, and where we form, what has changed is the is open to personal need and interpretation. Essentially the choices of how family is defined are to fluid in their nature and to diverse, to be able to any other than a personal preference of how to live. Nor should government or society be so prescriptive and controlling to impose. In reviewing the different family types, mainly all have positives and negatives however when reviewing Murdochs assertion that every society had a form of the nuclear family , this was incorrect, as both Nayar and Kibbutz proved that the function of family can be performed equally in a society other than the western defined confines of the nuclear family structure. Different cultures, values and norms, create variations of family and also place different importance on the family status in society. In todays society we have many variations of family, same sex families, same sex lone parents, and same sex adoption. As such the traditional term of family is used incorrectly as an outdated social ideal. The world has changed and the attitudes to parenting specifically in Britain have changed. There have been several significant social developments which have brought about changes in social norms and values. The supporters of the nuclear family believe the benefits of the nuclear family are its conservative core norms, and values which underpin the moral, wellbeing of society. They also consider anything else as a failed form of the nuclear family. The traditional roles of men as the breadwinner, and woman as the happy and fulfilled house wife, staying at home, looking after the children is the theme they most project. The Media use this image of happy family relationship, between all ages groups, every day in concepts and products, actively promoting the nuclear family as the social aspiration to happiness, success and fulfilment- the paradox is that in reality many mothers and fathers in todays society, have no choice, because it not a financially viable option, as they would not be able to house or support their selves or their child/children with just one salary. Moreover the woman may be the chief breadwinner, and the husband would then have to embrace role reversal in the nuclear f amily and be a stay at home dad there has been an increase in men staying at home to fulfil the role of house husband, however it is still predominately a female responsibility to care for or arrange alternative care, for children in the nuclear family. The pre industrialised class and economic status had a significant effect on who lived or died an example being if the family was wealthy a land owner, they may well have a more favourable environment in which to increase their chances of survival, although they were still affected by such diseases as the Black Death (Yesinia pestis ) which over a period of two years killed between 30-40% of the entire population of England in both 1348 and 1605. Twice as many poor children died as rich children; the poor in the country were at the mercy of poor harvests, bad weather famine and infections. Also fatalities were higher in the towns where sanitation and overcrowding in poor areas encouraged the spread of the virus. Given that the pre industrial pre-plague population of England was in the range of 5-6 million people, fatalities may well have exceeded or reached as high as 2 million. Urbanisation or isolation neither could supply the basic needs of the poor, so its unlikely that any chi ld surviving the age of sixteen had an extended family, due to the circumstances that they were born in too. Their functionalist view of the family is ideological and unrealistic, as it does not represent a reality of ever changing family, cultural, economical and demographic factors of life and work If nothing else the functionalist view can be seen as a plausible aspiration for some conservative idealists it is however not a viable option for all family types. Equally from a Marxist perspective, the fact that its wrapped in gender and equality issues and that the feminists have such diverse diametrically viewpoints yet have also provided the vehicle for such positives changes in womens rights and social equality, it has to be held up as the champion of woman, yet also recognised as having done its job. Over the last 100 years in England, woman from all classes, ethnicity and culture have gained the right to vote; in the last 50 years working class woman gained entry to university, the right to divorce, and the right to birth control. These changes have impacted society to its very cor e; challenging the definition of the nuclear family and the society it fits into. Religion is slower to change its views on the Nuclear and industrial vision of the nuclear family: for instance where the Catholic Church is politically, ideologically and (possibly) economically powerful, the promotion of marriage, and the ban on contraception have significant consequences for the family, in terms of such things as: size, domestic violence, traditional male/female roles. This ensures the women are still disenfranchised and that emancipation of woman still exists in contemporary modern society. In todays society family is a hot topic. In last 60 years, there has been significant social and cultural change. There is however multiple issues as the pace of change has not be controlled or understood before being implemented. In conclusion its difficult to blithely wrap family in to one perspective, the reality is that there is no ideal family unit and common sense, pragmatism, social, cultural and economical factors must all be taken in to consideration. The western capitalist perspective of the nuclear family, extended family, same sex family or lone parent, do not necessarily translate to other cultures or societies. Equally the views of the feminists do not agree on female equality, or the emancipation and disenfranchisement of woman in todays society. Young girls and boys nurtured by their parents will determine the values and norms relating to their roles in latter life. Woman do have self determination in Britain today this provides the choices necessary on how they live their lives, be that in a nuclear family, in a same sex relationship or as a lone parent. If is impossible to make a definitive choice, as what benefits to the family as a whole, is to provide equal partnership, respect for both genders and a secure loving environment- in saying that domestic violence, drugs alcohol could all present as negatives. The liberal feminist stance resonant as the most pragmatic and balanced view whilst the radicals and Marxist feminist views are polarised in a gender war.